2차 아편전쟁(애로Arrow호사건)

철종 6년 1855년에 호네트호가 들어 온 곳은 한반도 동해가 아니다.

http://blog.daum.net/han0114/17049419 

아편전쟁(鴉片戰爭)-opium war 더러운 전쟁, 추악한 전쟁

http://blog.daum.net/han0114/17044093  

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2차 아편전쟁(애로Arrow호사건)

1856년 영국 국기를 게양한 상선(商船) 애로(Arrow)호에 청나라 관헌이 들이닥쳐 중국인 해적을 체포한 사건을 계기로 일어난 영국과 중국 간의 분쟁을 말한다. 애로전쟁 ·제2차 아편전쟁이라고도 한다.

사건 당시 애로호는 중국인이 소유하여 운영한 상선이었으나, 영국 측은 영국 국기가 끌어내려진 일로 국기의 명예가 손상되었다는 이유로 배상금과 사과문을 요구하였고, 이것이 거부되자 광저우[廣州] 교외시가에 불을 질렀다.

1856년 10월 8일 광저우 앞 주장 강[珠江]에 정박하고 있던 범선 애로호에 중국관헌이 올라가서 중국인 승무원 12명을 해적혐의로 연행해갔다. 애로호는 중국인 소유의 배로, 선원도 중국인이었지만, 선장이 영국인으로 선적(船籍)을 홍콩에 두고 있었다. 광저우의 영국영사는 승무원을 즉각 송환하고 배에 걸려 있던 영국기를 함부로 내린 데 대해 공개사과 할 것을 요구했다. 양광총독(兩廣總督)은 당시 배에 영국국기가 걸려 있지도 않았고 중국인 소유의 배이므로 영국이 나설 까닭이 없다고 일축했다. 사실 배의 선적등록 만기가 지나 있어서 영국 배일 수가 없었는데도 이 사실을 숨긴 채 영국 영사가 교섭에 나선 것을 보면, 영국이 의도적으로 이 사건을 전쟁의 빌미로 삼으려 했음을 알 수 있다. 그리하여 중국 측이 승무원들을 모두 영국 영사관으로 보냈는데도 영사는 접수를 거부했으며, 이튿날 돌연 영국군이 광저우를 공격하고 총독관저에까지 침입함으로써 전쟁이 발발했다. 프랑스는 1856년 광시 성[廣西省]에서 불법적으로 포교하고 있던 선교사가 중국 관리에게 처형된 사건을 명목으로 영국과 공동으로 군대를 파견했다. 미국과 러시아도 조약개정 교섭에는 참가하기로 했다.

1857년 12월 12일 양광총독이 영국과 프랑스의 최후통첩을 거부하자 28일 공격을 개시하여 이튿날 광저우를 점령하고 양광총독을 포로로 잡아간 뒤, 투항한 광둥[廣東] 순무(巡撫)를 내세워 광저우에 약 3년 동안 괴뢰정권을 세웠으나 청나라는 이를 관망했다.

전쟁 발발부터 괴뢰정권 성립 때까지가 전쟁의 제1단계였다.

제2단계는 이때부터 1858년 7월 톈진[天津] 조약 및 11월 상하이에서 해관세칙(海關稅則)이 맺어질 때까지이다.

광저우를 점령한 다음 달 영국·프랑스·미국·러시아의 4국 대표들이 상하이에서 요구한 조약개정 교섭이 받아들여지지 않자 영국·프랑스 연합군은 4월에 북상하여 톈진으로 진격, 여기서 청나라가 파견한 관리(?)들과 톈진조약을 맺었다. 조약은 러시아·미국·영국·프랑스 순으로 맺어졌는데, 주요내용은 외국공사의 베이징 주재, 양쯔 강 유역과 북부 및 기타 지역의 10개 항구 개항, 내지에서의 여행·통상·포교의 자유, 영사재판권의 확대, 양쯔 강 및 각 통상 항으로의 군함 진입권, 배상금 등이었다. 해관세칙은 아편무역의 승인, 관세율의 고정과 내지통과세의 경감, 해관 세무 때 외국인 초빙 등을 내용으로 했다. 그러나 톈진조약의 비준서 교환 장소를 둘러싼 분규로 인하여 전쟁은 제3단계로 접어들었다. 외국사절의 수도 입성을 꺼린 청나라가 톈진 조약의 규정에 있는 베이징 대신 상하이에서 비준서를 교환하려 하자, 영국·프랑스군은 1859년 6월 베이징에서의 비준을 강행하기 위해 북상하다가 다구에서 중국 포대의 포격을 받아 대파되었다. 영국·프랑스군은 1860년 10월 베이징을 함락하고 베이징조약을 맺었다. 이 조약에서는 톈진조약을 인정한 위에 톈진을 추가로 개항하며 중국 노동자의 이민을 허가하고 주룽쓰[九龍司]를 영국에 할양하도록 했다. 또한 몰수한 가톨릭 교회당을 상환하고 교회가 각 성의 토지를 임대·구매하여 교회를 건립할 수 있게 했으며, 배상금을 증액시켰다.[두산백과사건]

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제2차 아편 전쟁 (1856~1860)

제1차 아편 전쟁(1839~1842년)이 끝난 뒤, 영국은 대중 무역에서 많은 효과를 기대하였다. 그러나 주력상품이었던 면제품의 판매는 기대와는 달리 열악하였다. 이것은 다음과 같은 이유에서였다.

1.중국 농촌에서 생산하는 면포가 값이 싸고 품질이 좋다.

2.중국의 사회경제적 구조가 여전히 자급자족적인 성격이 강해서 수입제품을 꺼려했다.

3.늘어난 아편 수입으로 은이 유출되면서 구매력을 잃었다.

4.제1차 아편전쟁 이후 광동을 중심으로 대영항쟁이 전개되었다.

전쟁이 끝난 뒤에도 영국의 대중무역은 여전히 차의 수입과 아편의 수출이었다. 영국은 지속적으로 시장개방을 확대하라고 압력을 넣는다. 이것은 1851년 태평천국 사건을 유발하게 된다. 이에 영국은 애로호 사건을 일으킨다.

애로호 사건

1856년 중국인 소유의 영국 해적선 애로호가 항해를 하던 중 청나라 관원이 승무원 전원을 체포하고 영국 국기를 바다에 던지는 사건이 일어난다. 애로호는 중국인 소유의 해적선으로 영국 국기를 달았고, 중국인 선원 13명과 영국인 선장 한 명이 있었다. 그러나 체포 당시 선장은 배 안에 없었고 중국인 선원 13명만 체포되었다. 바다의 안전을 위협하는 해적선을 단속한 사건임에도 불구하고 영국은 국기모욕을 구실로 배상금과 사과문을 내라고 하였고, 당시의 총독이었던 양광(兩廣)은 사건 당시 배에 영국 국기가 걸려 있지도 않았고, 중국인 소유의 배이므로 영국이 사과와 배상을 요구할 이유가 없다고 일축했다.

제2차 아편전쟁

1857년 영국은 애로호 사건을 구실로 프랑스와 연합군을 구성해 광저우 시내로 침입하여 시가지 곳곳에 불을 지르고 민간인을 죽였다. 영국-프랑스군은 광저우를 점령한 이후에도 몇 년 동안 군정을 실시하였다. 이후 영국-프랑스 연합군이 1858년 북상하여 다구포대(大沽炮台)를 점령하였고, 북경의 관문인 톈진까지 점령하자 청 정부는 더 이상 버티지 못하고 톈진조약을 맺었다. 미국과 러시아는 전쟁 후반기에 협력을 제의하였으나, 실제로 군사적인 도움을 주지는 않았다.

1858년 6월에 맺어진 조약의 내용은 다음과 같다.

톈진조약

1.영국, 프랑스, 러시아, 미국은 외교사절이 베이징에 상주할 권리를 가진다.

2.무역을 위해 10개의 항구를 개방한다.

牛荘(満州)、登州(山東)、漢口(長江沿岸)、九江(長江沿岸)、鎮江(長江沿岸)、台南(台湾)、淡水(台湾)、潮州(広東省 東部 後 汕頭 변경)、瓊州(海南島)、南京(長江沿岸) 등 10항의 개항

3.외국 상선의 자유로운 장강 통상을 승인한다.

4.이전에 금지했던 중국 내 외국인 여행을 허가한다.

5.아편무역을 합법화한다.

6.개항 항구를 확대한다.

7.기독교를 공인한다.

8.영국과 프랑스 두 나라에 대한 배상금으로 은 200만 냥을 지불한다.

9.영국 상인에게 재산 손실의 위로금으로 은 200만 냥을 지불한다.

10.배상금을 낼 때까지 광둥성과 보장을 점령한다.

전쟁의 재개

군사적으로 매우 중요한 다구포대를 잃은 불리함 때문에 어쩔 수 없이 조약이 체결되긴 하였지만, 청 정부의 강경파들은 조약의 무효를 주장하였다. 이에 청 황제는 1858년 후반 다구포대에 포대와 기병을 추가 배치하였고, 1859년 6월 다구포대에 다시 접근해온 영국의 소함대와 전투가 벌어지게 되었다. 이 전투에서 영국 함대는 상당한 피해를 입고 근방에 있던 미국함대의 도움을 받아 철퇴하게 되었고, 이 잠깐의 승리로 인하여 청 정부에서는 강경론이 득세하였다.

하지만 1860년 6월 영국과 프랑스는 전년도의 패배를 설욕하고자, 1859년의 소함대의 8배가 넘는 병력과 군함을 모아서 나타났다. 이들은 발해만의 여러 항구를 점령하고 다구포대에서 떨어진 곳에 병력을 상륙시켰다. 다구포대와 청 정부의 방어 군을 격파한 영-프 연합군에 놀란 청 조정은 평화협상을 제의하였지만 영-프 측은 협상을 거절하였다. 이윽고 그들은 10월 베이징에 입성하였지만, 점령하지는 않고 베이징 근교에 머물렀다. 청 황제는 베이징에서 멀리 북쪽으로 떨어진 여름별장에 피신하였고, 황제의 형제 중 한 명인 공친왕을 남겨 협상을 하도록 시켰다.

이것이 바로 철종(함풍제) 경희궁 이어가 아닌가 한다.

원명원의 약탈

연합군은 베이징 근방에 주둔한 후, 황제의 별궁인 원명원으로 쳐들어갔다. 영프 연합군은 원명원에 침입하여 금은 세공품과 장식품, 여러가지 화려하고 고상한 물건들을 약탈한 후 원명원에 불을 질렀다. 이것은 청 조정에 고문을 받거나 죽은 수십명의 서양인에 대한 복수라고는 하나, 그것은 여러 이유 중의 하나일 것이다.

창덕궁은 어디일까?

자금성인가 원명원인가?

전쟁의 종결

공친왕과 영-프 연합군의 협상에 의하여 전쟁은 종결되었고, 베이징 조약이 체결되었다. 베이징 조약에 의해 청 조정은 천진조약을 인정하게 되었고, 아편의 거래도 합법화 되게 된다. 여기에 추가로 영국-프랑스에 전쟁배상금으로 은 800만냥, 그리고 영국에 홍콩에 인접한 구룽반도를 조차하는 등 막대한 손해를 보게 되었다. 이후 베이징 조약을 체결하는 데 도움을 준 러시아에게도 연해주 지역을 할양하게 된다.

2차 아편전쟁의 패배는 모든 동양인들에게 1차 아편전쟁의 패배보다 훨씬 거대한 충격을 주었다. 청 황제의 피신과 베이징의 점령은 단순한 전쟁의 패배가 아니라 모든 중국인과 동양인의 머리속에 박혀있던 중화사상을 그 뿌리부터 뒤흔들게 되는 사건이었다.

이후 서양 문물에 대해 반감을 가지고 있던 청 조정은 양무운동을 실시하게 된다. 그리고 청 조정과의 조약으로 중국 내에서의 이권을 확보한 서양세력은, 아직까지 중국 남부에서 영향력을 떨치고 있던 태평천국을 토벌하는 데 도움을 준다.[위키백과]

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TREATY OF TIEN-TSIN

Tien-tsin, June 26, 1858

Peace Treaty between the Queen of Great Britain and the Emperor of China.

This treaty is associated with the so-called second opium war between Britain and China. The concessions of the earlier (1842) treaty of Nanking only whetted the appetites of British producers of legal goods for further expansion of the China trade beyond the handful of coastal towns designated under the 1842 treaty. Great profits, for example, were expected by the British cotton manufacturers if China's millions throughout the vast country could be reached directly. The Chinese government, however, remained adamantly opposed to any liberalization of the existing trade. Not until 1856 did an event occur that offered the opportunity to confront Chinese high-handedness (as viewed by Britain). When Chinese harbor police at Canton boarded a private boat flying the British flag in search of a known bandit, a fracas occurred which induced the truculent governor of (British) Hong Kong to demand an apology. None was forthcoming from the stubborn Chinese governor of Canton. The hostilities that ensued ended two years later in the second 'unequal' treaty imposed on China. The treaty of Tientsin yielded all Britain's demands for opening up the interior even to the import, by default, of the hitherto illegal opium

HER MAJESTY the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and His Majesty the Emperor of China, being desirous to put an end to the existing misunderstanding between the two countries, and to place their relations on a more satisfactory footing in future, have resolved to proceed to a revision and improvement of the Treaties existing between them; and, for that purpose, have named as their Plenipotentiaries . . . . etc, etc.

Who, after having communicated to each other their respective powers, and found them to be in good and due form, have agreed upon and concluded the following Articles:

 

1. 영국인이 받은 모욕에 대한 사죄와 장래에 대한 보증.

2. 몰수된 아편 대금의 배상과 원정비의 변상.

3. 공행의 부채를 청나라 관헌이 보증할 것.

4. 외양에서의 아편 밀수와 관련하여 영국인과 영국배에 누가 미치지 않도록 할 것.

5. 수출입세를 일정하게 유지하고 함부로 증감하지 말 것.

6. 무역선에 부과하는 번잡하고 과중한 경비를 경감할 것.

7. 영국인의 청원서는 지방의 관헌을 경유하지 않고 북경의 황제에게 직접 바칠 것.

8. 복건․절강․강소․직례 등의 6개 항구와 그 이상의 항구를 영국인에게 개방할 것.

9. 북경에 대사관을 설치하고 각 개항장에는 영사를 주재시킬 것.

10. 개항장에 마카오 방식의 외국이 거류지를 설치할 것.

11. 거류지에는 영국인 가족도 거주하도록 할 것.

12. 개항장에서의 영국인의 범죄는 영국 관리가 처벌하고 청국 관헌은 관여하지 말 것.

13. 개항장에는 교회 설립을 허락할 것.

14. 공행 제도를 폐지할 것. 만약 폐지하기가 곤란한 경우에는 소속 행상을 증감하지 말 것.

15. 영국이 특별한 사법권을 소유하는 도서나 항구를 할양할 것.

I.

The Treaty of Peace and Amity between the two nations, signed at Nanking on the 29th day of August, in the year 1842, is hereby renewed and confirmed.

The Supplementary Treaty and General Regulations of Trade having been amended and improved, and the substance of their provisions having been incorporated in this Treaty, the said Supplementary Treaty and General Regulations of Trade are hereby abrogated.

II.

For the better preservation of harmony in future, Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and His Majesty the Emperor of China mutually agree that, in accordance with the universal practice of great and friendly nations, Her Majesty the Queen, may, if she see fit, appoint ambassadors, ministers, or other diplomatic agents to the Court of Peking; and His Majesty the Emperor of China may, in like manner, if he see fit, appoint ambassadors, ministers, or other diplomatic agents to the Court of St. James.

III.

His Majesty the Emperor of China hereby agrees that the ambassador, minister, or other diplomatic agent, so appointed by Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, may reside, with his family and establishment, permanently at the capital, or may visit it occasionally, at the option of the British Government. He shall not be called upon to perform any ceremony derogatory to him as representing the Sovereign of an independent nation on a footing of equality with that of China. on the other hand, he shall use the same forms of ceremony and respect to His Majesty the Emperor as are employed by the ambassadors, ministers, or diplomatic agents of Her Majesty towards the Sovereigns of independent and equal European nations.

It is further agreed, that Her Majesty's Government may acquire at Peking a site for building, or may hire houses for the accommodation of Her Majesty's Mission, and that the Chinese Government will assist it in so doing.

Her Majesty's Representative shall be at liberty to choose his own servants and attendants, who shall not be subjected to any kind of molestation whatever.

Any person guilty of disrespect or violence to Her Majesty's Representative, or to any member of his family or establishment, in deed or word, shall be severely punished.

IV.

It is further agreed, that no obstacle or difficulty shall be made to the free movements of Her Majesty's Representative, and that he, and the persons of his suite, may come and go, and travel at their pleasure. He shall, moreover, have full liberty to send and receive his correspondence, to and from any point on the sea-coast that he may select; and his letters and effects shall be held sacred and inviolable. He may employ, for their transmission, special couriers, who shall meet with the same protection and facilities for travelling as the persons employed in carrying despatches for the Imperial Government; and, generally, he shall enjoy the same privileges as are accorded to officers of the same rank by the usage and consent of Western nations.

All expenses attending the Diplomatic Mission of Great Britain in China shall be borne by the British Government.

V.

His Majesty the Emperor of China agrees to nominate one of the Secretaries of State, or a President of one of the Boards, as the high officer with whom the ambassador, minister, or other diplomatic agent of Her Majesty the Queen shall transact business, either personally or in writing, on a footing of perfect equality.

VI.

Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain agrees that the privileges hereby secured shall be enjoyed in her dominions by the ambassadors, ministers, or diplomatic agents of the Emperor of China, accredited to the Court of Her Majesty.

VII.

Her Majesty the Queen may appoint one or more Consuls in the dominions of the Emperor of China; and such Consul or Consuls shall be at liberty to reside in any of the open ports or cities of China, as Her Majesty the Queen may consider most expedient for the interests of British commerce. They shall be treated with due respect by the Chinese authorities, and enjoy the same privileges and immunities as the Consular officers of the most favoured nation . . . .

VIII.

The Christian religion, as professed by Protestants or Roman Catholics, inculcates the practice of virtue, and teaches man to do as he would be done by. Persons teaching or professing it, therefore, shall alike be entitled to the protection of the Chinese authorities, nor shall any such, peaceably pursuing their calling, and not offending against the law, be persecuted or interfered with.

IX.

British subjects are hereby authorized to travel, for their pleasure or for purposes of trade, to all parts of the interior, under passports which will be issued by their Consuls, and countersigned by the local authorities. These passports, if demanded, must be produced for examination in the localities passed through. If the passport be not irregular, the bearer will be allowed to proceed, and no opposition shall be offered to his hiring persons or hiring vessels for the carriage of his baggage or merchandize. If he be without a passport, or if he commit any offence against the law, he shall be handed over to the nearest Consul for punishment; but he must not be subjected to any ill-usage in excess of necessary restraint. No passport need be applied for by persons going on excursions from the ports open to trade to a distance not exceeding 100 li, and for a period not exceeding days.

The provisions of this Article do not apply to crews of ships, for the due restraint of whom regulations will be drawn up by the Consul and the local authorities.

To Nanking, and other cities disturbed by persons in arms against the Government, no pass shall be given, until they shall have been recaptured.

X.

British merchant ships shall have authority to trade upon the Great River (Yang-tse). The Upper and Lower Valley of the river being, however, disturbed by outlaws, no port shall be for the present opened to trade, with the exception of Chin-kiano, which shall be opened in a year from the date of the signing of this Treaty.

So soon as peace shall have been restored, British vessels shall also be admitted to trade at such ports as far as Han-kow, not exceeding three in number, as the British Minister, after consultation with the Chinese Secretary of State, may determine shall be ports of entry and discharge.

XI.

In addition to the cities and towns of Canton, Amoy, Fuchow, Ningpo, and Shanghai, opened by the Treaty of Nanking, it is agreed that British subjects may frequent the cities and ports of New Chwang, Tang-Chow, Tai-Wan (Formosa), Chau-Chow (Swatow), and Kiung-Chow (Hainan).

They are permitted to carry on trade with whomsoever they please, and to proceed to and fro at pleasure with their vessels and merchandise.

They shall enjoy the same privileges, advantages, and immunities, at the said towns and ports, as they enjoy at the ports already opened to trade, including the right of residence, of buying or renting houses, of leasing land therein, and of building churches, hospitals, and cemeteries.

XII.

British subjects, whether at the ports or at other places, desiring to build or open houses, warehouses, churches, hospitals, or burialgrounds, shall make their agreement for the land or buildings they require, as the rates prevailing among the people, equitably, and wtihout exactions on either side.

XIII.

The Chinese Government will place no restrictions whatever upon the employment, by British subjects, of Chinese subjects in any lawful capacity.

British subjects may hire whatever boats they please for the transport of goods or passengers, and the sum to be paid for such boats shall be settled between the parties themselves, without the interference of the Chinese Government. The number of these boats shall not be limited, nor shall a monopoly in respect either of the boats, or of the porters or coolies engaged in carrying the goods, be granted to any parties. If any smuggling takes place in them, the offenders will, of course, be punished according to law . . . .

XV.

All questions in regard to rights, whether of property or person, arising between British subjects, shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the British authorities.

XVI.

Chinese subjects who may be guilty of any criminal act towards British subjects shall be arrested and punished by the Chinese authorities, according to the laws of China.

British subjects who may commit any crime in China shall be tried and punished by the Consul, or other public functionary authorized thereto, according to the laws of Great Britain.

Justice shall be equitably and impartially administered on both sides.

XVII.

A British subject having reason to complain of a Chinese, must proceed to the Consulate, and state his grievance. The Consul will inquire into the merits of the case, and do his utmost to arrange it amicably. In like manner if a Chinese have reason to complain of a British subject, the Consul shall no less listen to his complaint, and endeavour to settle it in a friendly manner. If disputes take place of such a nature that the Consul cannot arrange them amicably, then he shall request the assistance of the Chinese authorities, that they may together examine into the merits of the case, and decide it equitably.

XVIII.

The Chinese authorities shall at all times afford the fullest protection to the persons and property of British subjects, whenever these shall have been subjected to insult or violence. In all cases of incendiarism or robbery, the local authorities shall at once take the necessary steps for the recovery of the stolen property, the suppression of disorder, and the arrest of the guilty parties, whom they will punish according to law.

XIX.

If any British merchant-vessel, while within Chinese waters, be plundered by robbers or pirates, it shall be the duty of the Chinese authorities to use every endeavour to capture and punish the said robbers or pirates, and to recover the stolen property, that it may be handed over to the Consul for restoration to the owner.

XX.

If any British vessel be at any time wrecked or stranded on the coast of China, or be compelled to take refuge in any port within the dominions of the Emperor of China, the Chinese authorities, on being apprized of the fact, shall immediately adopt measures for its relief and security; the persons on board shall receive friendly treatment, and shall be furnished, if necessary, with the means of conveyance to the nearest Consular station.

XXI.

If criminals, subjects of China, shall take refuge in Hong Kong, or on board the British ships there, they shall, upon due requisition by the Chinese authorities, be searched for, and, on proof of their guilt, be delivered up.

In like manner, if Chinese offenders take refuge in the houses or on board the vessels of British subjects at the open ports, they shall not be harbored or concealed, but shall be delivered up, on due requisition by the Chinese authorities, addressed to the British Consul.

XXII.

Should any Chinese subject fail to discharge debts incurred to a British subject, or should he fraudulently abscond, the Chinese authorities will do their utmost to effect his arrest, and enforce recovery of the debts. The British authorities will likewise do their utmost to bring to justice any British subject fraudulently absconding or failing to discharge debts incurred by him to a Chinese subject.

XXIII.

Should natives of China who may repair to Hong Kong to trade incur debts there, the recovery of such debts must be arranged for by the English Courts of justice on the spot; but should the Chinese debtor abscond, and be known to have property, real or personal, within the Chinese territory, it shall be the duty of the Chinese authorities, on application by, and in concert with, the British Consul, to do their utmost to see justice done between the parties.

XXIV.

It is agreed that British subjects shall pay, on all merchandise imported or exported by them, the duties prescribed by the tariff; but in no case shall they be called upon to pay other or higher duties than are required of the subjects of any other foreign nation.

XXV.

Import duties shall be considered payable on the landing of the goods, and duties of export on the shipment of the same.

XXVI.

Whereas the tariff fixed by Article X of the Treaty of Nanking, and which was estimated so as to impose on imports and exports a duty at about the rate of 5 per cent. ad valorem, has been found, by reason of the fall in value of various articles of merchandise, therein enumerated, to impose a duty upon these considerably in excess of the rate originally assumed as above to be a fair rate, it is agreed that the said tariff shall be revised, and that as soon as the Treaty shall have been signed, application shall be made to the Emperor of China to depute a high officer of the Board of Revenue to meet, at Shanghai, officers to be deputed on behalf of the British Government, to consider its revision together, so that the tariff, as revised, may come into operation immediately after the ratification of this Treaty.

XXVII.

It is agreed that either of the High Contracting Parties to this Treaty may demand a further revision of the tariff, and of the commercial Articles of this Treaty, at the end of 10 years; but if no demand be made on either side within 6 months after the end of the first 10 years, then the tariff shall remain in force for 10 years more, reckoned from the end of the preceding 10 years; and so it shall be, at the end of each successive period of 10 years.

XXVIII.

Whereas it was agreed in Article X of the Treaty of Nanking, that British imports, having paid the tariff duties, should be conveyed into the interior free of all further charges, except a transit duty, the amount whereof was not to exceed a certain percentage on tariff value; and whereas no accurate information having been furnished of the amount of such duty, British merchants have constantly complained that charges are suddenly and arbitrarily imposed by the provincial authorities as transit duties upon produce on its way to the foreign market, and on imports on their way into the interior, to the detriment of trade; it is agreed that within four months from the signing of this Treaty, at all ports now open to British trade, and within a similar period at all ports that may hereafter be opened, the authority appointed to superintend the collection of duties shall be obliged, upon application of the Consul, to declare the amount of duties levyable on produce between the place of production and the port of shipment, and upon imports between the Consular port in question and the inland markets named by the Consul; and that a notification thereof shall be published in English and Chinese for general information.

But it shall be at the option of any British subject, desiring to convey produce purchased inland to a port, or to convey imports from a port to an inland market, to clear his goods of all transit duties, by payment of a single charge. The amount of this charge shall be levyable on exports at the first barrier they may have to pass, or, on imports, at the port at which they are landed; and on payment thereof, a certificate shall be issued, which shall exempt the goods from all further inland charges whatsoever.

It is further agreed, that the amount of this charge shall be calculated, as nearly as possible, at the rate of 2 1/2 per cent. ad valorem, and that it shall be fixed for each article at the Conference to be held at Shanghai for the revision of the tariff.

It is distinctly understood that the payment of transit dues, by commutation or otherwise, shall in no way affect the tariff duties on imports or exports, which will continue to be levied separately and in full . . . .

XXIX.

..............................

Any vessel clearing from any of the open ports of China for any other of the open ports, or for Hong-Kong, shall be entitled, on application of the master, to a special certificate from the Customs, on exhibition of which she shall be exempted from all further payment of tonnage dues in any open port of China, for a period of 4 months, to be reckoned from the date of her port clearance.

XXX.

The master of any British merchant-vessel may, within 48 hours after the arrival of his vessel, but not later, decide to depart without breaking bulk, in which case he will not be subject to pay tonnage dues. But tonnage dues shall be held due after the expiration of the said 48 hours. No other fees or charges upon entry or departure shall be levied.

XXXI.

No tonnage dues shall be payable on boats employed by British subjects in the conveyance of passengers, baggage, letters, articles of provision, or other articles not subject to duty, between any of the open ports. All cargo boats, however, conveying merchandize subject to duty shall pay tonnage dues once in 6 months . . .

XXXII.

The Consuls and Superintendents of Customs shall consult together regarding the erection of beacons or lighthouses, and the distribution of buoys and light-ships, as occasion may demand . . . .

XXXVI.

Whenever a British merchant-vessel shall arrive off one of the open ports, the Superintendent of Customs shall depute one or more Customs officers to guard the ship. They shall either live in a boat of their own, or stay on board the ship, as may best suit their convenience. Their food and expenses shall be supplied them from the Custom- House, and they shall not be entitled to any fees whatever from the master or consignee. Should they violate this regulation, they shall be punished proportionately to the amount exacted.

XXXVII.

Within 24 hours after arrival, the ship's papers, bills of lading, &c., shall be lodged in the hands of the Consul, who will, within a further period of 24 hours, report to the Superintendent of Customs the name of the ship, her register tonnage, and the nature of her cargo. If, owing to neglect on the part of the master, the above rule is not complied with within 48 hours after the ship's arrival, he shall be liable to a fine of 50 taels for every day's delay; the total amount of penalty, however, shall not exceed 200 taels [under China’s complex currency system, the tael, or ounce of silver, was the unit of account].

The master will be responsible for the correctness of the manifest, which shall contain a full and true account of the particulars of the cargo on board. For presenting a false manifest, he will subject himself to a fine Of 500 taels; but he will be allowed to correct, within 24 hours after delivery of it to the Customs officers, any mistake he may discover in his manifest, without incurring this penalty.

XXXVIII.

After receiving from the Consul the report in due form, the Superintendent of Customs shall grant the vessel a permit to open hatches. If the master shall open hatches and begin to discharge any goods without such permission, he shall be fined 500 taels, and the goods discharged shall be confiscated wholly.

XXXIX.

Any British merchant who has cargo to land or ship, must apply to the Superintendent of Customs for a special permit. Cargo landed or shipped without such permit, will be liable to confiscation.

XL.

No transshipment from one vessel to another can be made without special permission, under pain of confiscation of the goods so transhipped.

XLI.

When all dues and duties shall have been paid, the Superintendent of Customs shall give a port-clearance, and the Consul shall then return the ship's papers, so that she may depart on her voyage.

XLII.

With respect to articles subject, according to the Tariff, to an ad valorem duty, if the British merchant cannot agree with the Chinese officer in fixing a value, then each party shall call two or three merchants to look at the goods, and the highest price at which any of these merchants would be willing to purchase them, shall be assumed as the value of the goods . . . .

XLVI.

The Chinese authorities at each port shall adopt the means they may judge most proper to prevent the revenue suffering from fraud or smuggling.

XLVII.

British merchant-vessels are not entitled to resort to other than the ports of trade declared open by this Treaty. They are not unlawfully to enter other ports in China, or to carry on clandestine trade along the coasts thereof. Any vessel violating this provision, shall, with her cargo, be subject to confiscation by the Chinese Government.

XLVIII.

If any British merchant-vessel be concerned in smuggling, the goods, whatever their value or nature, shall be subject to confiscation by the Chinese authorities, and the ship may be prohibited from trading further, and sent away as soon as her accounts shall have been adjusted and paid.

XLIX.

All penalties enforced, or confiscations made, under this Treaty, shall belong and be appropriated to the public service of the Government of China.

L.

All official communications, addressed by the Diplomatic and Consular Agents of Her Majesty the Queen to the Chinese authorities, shall, henceforth, be written in English. They will for the present be accompanied by a Chinese version, but it is understood that, in the event of there being any difference of meaning between the English and Chinese text, the English Government will hold the sense as expressed in the English text to be the correct sense. This provision is to apply to the Treaty now negotiated, the Chinese text of which has been carefully corrected by the English original.

LI.

It is agreed, that henceforward the character "I" ('barbarian') shall not be applied to the Government or subjects of Her Britannic Majesty, in any Chinese official document issued by the Chinese authorities, either in the capital or in the provinces.

LII.

British ships of war coming for no hostile purpose, or being engaged in the pursuit of pirates, shall be at liberty to visit all ports within the dominions of the Emperor of China and shall receive every facility for the purchase of provisions, procuring water, and. if occasion require, for the making of repairs. The Commanders of such ships shall hold intercourse with the Chinese authorities on terms of equality and courtesy.

LIII.

In consideration of the injury sustained by native and foreign commerce from the prevalence of piracy in the seas of China, the High Contracting Parties agree to concert measures for its supression.

LIV.

The British Government and its subjects are hereby confirmed in all privileges, immunities, and advantages conferred on them by previous Treaties; and it is hereby expressly stipulated, that the British Government and its subjects will be allowed free and equal participation in all privileges, immunities, and advantages that may have been, or may be hereafter, granted by His Majesty the Emperor of China to the Government or subjects of any other nation.

LVI.

The ratifications of this Treaty .. . shall be exchanged at Peking, within a year from this day of signature.

In token whereof, the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed and sealed this Treaty.

Done at Tien-tsin, this 26th day of June, in the year of our Lord 1858 . . . . corresponding with the Chinese date.