노벨상-The Nobel Prize

노벨상-The Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize (Swedish: Nobelpriset) (Norwegian: Nobelprisen)

알프레드 노벨노벨상(노벨賞, 영어: Nobel Prize)은 다이너마이트의 발명가인 스웨덴의 알프레드 노벨의 유언에 따라 인류의 문명 발달에 학문적으로 기여한 사람에게 주어지는 상을 일컫는다. 대한민국 국민으로는 김대중 전 대통령이 2000년에 평화상을 수상한 것이 유일하다.

 

노벨상 유래

이 상은 스웨덴의 화학자이자 산업가 알프레드 노벨이 만들었다. 그는 다이너마이트의 발명가이다. 그는 생전에 몇 번의 유언을 하였지만 마지막 유언은 그가 죽기 바로 전 해인 1895년 11월 27일 파리에 있는 스웨덴인-노르웨이인 클럽에서 쓰였다.

다이너마이트의 군사적 사용의 증가에 그는 심기가 불편했다. 그러던 중 그의 형 루드비히 노벨이 죽었을 때 프랑스의 한 신문에 실수로 알프레드 노벨의 부고기사가 실렸다. 그의 때이른 부고기사에서 알프레드 노벨은 ‘죽음의 상인’이라고 불렸다. 이것이 노벨상을 만든 동기가 되었다고 한다. 그는 그의 유산의 94%인 3천1백만 SEK(340만 유로, 4백4십만 달러)를 노벨상 설립에 남겼다.

1901년부터 수여하였다. 노벨평화상만 노르웨이 오슬로에서 수여되며, 나머지 상은 스웨덴의 스톡홀름에서 수여된다. 경제학상은 1969년부터 스웨덴은행에 의해 제정되었고 나머지 5개 상은 처음부터 있었다.

그가 노벨평화상을 노르웨이에서 수여하게 한 이유는 분명치 않다. 노르웨이와 스웨덴은 이웃에서 경쟁과 협조를 해온 미묘한 관계다. 두 나라의 우정을 증진시키고자는 하는 의미가 아닌가 짐작된다.

 

 Front side of the Nobel Prize® Medal for Physics presented to Edward Victor Appleton in 1947; Appleton Tower, University of Edinburgh, 2005.

 

노벨상 시상 분야 및 결정

노벨 평화상 (노르웨이 국회 스토르팅의 추천에 의해 구성되는 노르웨이 노벨위원회에서 결정)

노벨 문학상 (스웨덴 아카데미에서 결정)

노벨 물리학상 (스웨덴 왕립 고등 과학원에서 결정)

노벨 화학상 (스웨덴 왕립 고등 과학원에서 결정)

노벨 생리학·의학상 (카롤린 의학연구소에서 결정)

노벨 경제학상 (정식 이름은 "알프레드 노벨 기념 스웨덴 은행 경제학상"이다. 스웨덴 왕립 고등 과학원에서 결정)

노벨상은 독창성을 중시한다. 인류에 큰 기여를 한 연구 ,발명이 있을 경우 그 아이디어를 맨 처음 만든 사람에게 상을 준다. 반도체의 원리를 만든 사람에게 상을 주지 그에 바탕을 둔 생산이나 응용에 큰 기여를 한 사람에게는 안준다는 식이다.

노벨상은 살아있는 사람에게만 주어진다. 그래서 아무리 위대한 업적을 남겼어도 사후 수여는 하지 않는다.

문학상도 독창성을 중시한다. 봉건지주의 몰락과 경제기반의 해체, 식민지 피지배 민족의 삶을 위한 투쟁, 전쟁 속에서의 인간의 문제, 여성 문제 등은 이미 서구 문학에서 많은 예가 있기에 독창성을 지녔다고 할 수 없다. 서구에 잘 알려지지 않은 나라의 것이라도 그 생소함만으로 문학상을 수여하지는 않는다. 독창성이란 전혀 새롭거나, 새로운 의미를 부여하거나, 기존의 것을 새로운 의미로 바꾼 것을 말한다.

노벨상 수상자

한국인 중에는 2000년 평화상 수상자인 김대중 전 대통령이 유일하다.

여성 수상자

여성 노벨상 수상자

노벨상을 두번 수상한 사람

노벨상을 두 번 받은 사람은 모두 네 명이다.

마리 퀴리

1903년 물리학상 - 방사선의 연구

1911년 화학상 - 라듐과 폴로늄의 발견

라이너스 폴링

1954년 화학상 - 화학 결합의 성질에 관한 연구

1962년 평화상 - 핵실험 반대 운동

존 바딘

1956년 물리학상 - 반도체 연구와 트랜지스터의 발명

1972년 물리학상 - 초전도 현상의 연구

프레더릭 생어

1958년 화학상 - 인슐린의 구조에 대한 연구

1980년 화학상 - 핵산의 염기 서열에 대한 연구

노벨상 가족

노벨상을 가족이 함께 받은 경우도 있다.

닐스 보어(아버지, 1922년 물리학상)와 오게 닐스 보어(아들, 1975년 물리학상)

윌리엄 헨리 브래그(아버지)와 윌리엄 로런스 브래그(아들), 1915년 물리학상 공동 수상

칼 만네 예오리 시그반(아버지, 1924년 물리학상)과 카이 만네 뵈리에 시그반(아들, 1981년 물리학상)

한스 폰 오일러켈핀 (아버지, 1929년 화학상)과 울프 폰 오일러(아들, 1970년 생리의학상)

칼 퍼디낸드 코리·거티 테리사 코리 부부 (1947년 생리학·의학상 공동 수상)

조지프 존 톰슨 (아버지, 1906년 물리학상)과 조지 패짓 톰슨(아들, 1937년 물리학상)

피에르 퀴리·마리 퀴리 부부(1903년 물리학상 공동 수상)와 프레데리크 졸리오퀴리·이렌 졸리오퀴리 부부(딸·사위, 1935년 화학상 공동 수상)

얀 틴베르헌(형, 1969년 경제학상) 니콜라스 틴베르헌(동생, 1973년 생리학·의학상)

최연소, 최고령 수상자

1915년, 윌리엄 로런스 브래그는 25세에 아버지와 함께 노벨 물리학상을 공동 수상하여 최연소 수상자로 기록된다. 최고령 수상자는 2007년, 90세의 나이로 노벨 경제학상을 받은 레오니트 후르비치이다.

공식 노벨상 이외의 이른바 노벨상

공식 노벨상 이외에 노벨상이 수상되지 않는 분야에서 노벨상만큼 권위가 있다고 하여 '~의 노벨상'으로 불리는 상들이 있다. 기초학문이면서도 노벨상에 빠져있는 수학분야에 필즈상과 아벨상이 '수학의 노벨상'으로 불리고 있으며, 학문으로의 중요성이 당시에는 인식되지 않았던 전산학 분야에는 튜링상이 역할을 하고 있다.

이 외에도 언론 퓰리처상, 건축 프리츠커상, 항공우주 폰 브라운상, 정신분석학 시고니상, 음악 그라베마이어상, 아동문학 뉴베리상, 예술분야 세계문화상, 환경 골드만 환경상, 간호학 크리스치안 라이만상, 종교 템플턴상 등이 종종 각 분야의 노벨상으로 불리며, '아시아지역의 노벨상'으로 불리는 막사이사이상, '중남미의 노벨상'으로 불리는 로물로 가예고스상이 있다.

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역대노벨수상자 리스트

Physics- 物理學賞

1901: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen

1902: Hendrik A. Lorentz / Pieter Zeeman

1903: Henri Becquerel / Pierre Curie / Maria Sklodowska-Curie

1904: Lord Rayleigh

1905: Philipp Lenard

1906: J.J. Thomson

1907: Albert A. Michelson

1908: Gabriel Lippmann

1909: Guglielmo Marconi / Ferdinand Braun

1910: Johannes Diderik van der Waals

1911: Wilhelm Wien

1912: Gustaf Dalén

1913: Heike Kamerlingh onnes

1914: Max von Laue

1915: William Henry Bragg / William Lawrence Bragg

1916: no award

1917: Charles Glover Barkla

1918: Max Planck

1919: Johannes Stark

1920: Charles Edouard Guillaume

1921: Albert Einstein

1922: Niels Bohr

1923: Robert A. Millikan

1924: Manne Siegbahn

1925: James Franck / Gustav Hertz

1926: Jean Baptiste Perrin

1927: Arthur H. Compton / C.T.R. Wilson

1928: Owen Willans Richardson

1929: Louis de Broglie

1930: Venkata Raman

1931: no award

1932: Werner Heisenberg

1933: Erwin Schrödinger / Paul A.M. Dirac

1934: no award

1935: James Chadwick

1936: Victor F. Hess / Carl D. Anderson

1937: Clinton Davisson / George Paget Thomson

1938: Enrico Fermi

1939: Ernest Lawrence

1940: no award

1941: no award

1942: no award

1943: Otto Stern

1944: Isidor Isaac Rabi

1945: Wolfgang Pauli

1946: Percy W. Bridgman

1947: Edward V. Appleton

1948: Patrick M.S. Blackett

1949: Hideki Yukawa

1950: Cecil Powell

1951: John Cockcroft / Ernest T.S. Walton

1952: Felix Bloch / E. M. Purcell

1953: Frits Zernike

1954: Max Born / Walther Bothe

1955: Willis E. Lamb / Polykarp Kusch

1956: William B. Shockley / John Bardeen / Walter H. Brattain

1957: Chen Ning Yang / Tsung-Dao Lee

1958: Pavel A. Cherenkov / Il´ja M. Frank / Igor Y. Tamm

1959: Emilio Segrè / Owen Chamberlain

1960: Donald A. Glaser

1961: Robert Hofstadter / Rudolf Mössbauer

1962: Lev Landau

1963: Eugene Wigner / Maria Goeppert-Mayer / J. Hans D. Jensen

1964: Charles H. Townes / Nicolay G. Basov / Aleksandr M. Prokhorov

1965: Sin-Itiro Tomonaga / Julian Schwinger / Richard P. Feynman

1966: Alfred Kastler

1967: Hans Bethe

1968: Luis Alvarez

1969: Murray Gell-Mann

1970: Hannes Alfvén / Louis Néel

1971: Dennis Gabor

1972: John Bardeen / Leon Neil Cooper / Robert Schrieffer

1973: Leo Esaki / Ivar Giaever / Brian D. Josephson

1974: Martin Ryle / Antony Hewish

1975: Aage N. Bohr / Ben R. Mottelson / James Rainwater

1976: Burton Richter / Samuel C.C. Ting

1977: Philip W. Anderson / Sir Nevill F. Mott / John H. van Vleck

1978: Pyotr Kapitsa / Arno Penzias / Robert Woodrow Wilson

1979: Sheldon Glashow / Abdus Salam / Steven Weinberg

1980: James Cronin / Val Fitch

1981: Nicolaas Bloembergen / Arthur L. Schawlow / Kai M. Siegbahn

1982: Kenneth G. Wilson

1983: Subramanyan Chandrasekhar / William A. Fowler

1984: Carlo Rubbia / Simon van der Meer

1985: Klaus von Klitzing

1986: Ernst Ruska / Gerd Binnig / Heinrich Rohrer

1987: J. Georg Bednorz / K. Alex Müller

1988: Leon M. Lederman / Melvin Schwartz / Jack Steinberger

1989: Norman F. Ramsey / Hans G. Dehmelt / Wolfgang Paul

1990: Jerome I. Friedman / Henry W. Kendall / Richard E. Taylor

1991: Pierre-Gilles de Gennes

1992: Georges Charpak

1993: Russell A. Hulse / Joseph H. Taylor, Jr.

1994: Bertram N. Brockhouse / Clifford G. Shull

1995: Martin L. Perl / Frederick Reines

1996: David M. Lee / Douglas D. Osheroff / Robert Coleman Richardson

1997: Steven Chu / Claude Cohen-Tannoudji / William D. Phillips

1998: Robert B. Laughlin / Horst L. Störmer / Daniel C. Tsui

1999: Gerardus 't Hooft / Martinus J.G. Veltman

2000: Zhores I. Alferov / Herbert Kroemer / Jack S. Kilby

2001: Eric A. Cornell / Wolfgang Ketterle / Carl E. Wieman

2002: Raymond Davis, Jr. / Masatoshi Koshiba / Riccardo Giacconi

2003: Alexei A. Abrikosov / Vitaly L. Ginzburg / Anthony J. Leggett

2004: David J. Gross / H. David Politzer / Frank Wilczek

2005: Roy J. Glauber / John L. Hall / Theodor W. Hänsch

2006: John C. Mather / George F. Smoot

2007: Albert Fert / Peter Grünberg

2008: Yoichiro Nambu / Makoto Kobayashi / Toshihide Maskawa

 

Chemistry- 化學賞  

1901: Jacobus H. van 't Hoff

1902: Emil Fischer

1903: Svante Arrhenius

1904: Sir William Ramsay

1905: Adolf von Baeyer

1906: Henri Moissan

1907: Eduard Buchner

1908: Ernest Rutherford

1909: Wilhelm Ostwald

1910: Otto Wallach

1911: Maria Skłodowska-Curie

1912: Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier

1913: Alfred Werner

1914: Theodore William Richards

1915: Richard Willstätter

1916: no award

1917: no award

1918: Fritz Haber

1919: no award

1920: Walther Nernst

1921: Frederick Soddy

1922: Francis W. Aston

1923: Fritz Pregl

1924: no award

1925: Richard Zsigmondy

1926: The Svedberg

1927: Heinrich Wieland

1928: Adolf Windaus

1929: Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler-Chelpin

1930: Hans Fischer

1931: Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius

1932: Irving Langmuir

1933: no award

1934: Harold C. Urey

1935: Frédéric Joliot-Curie / Irène Joliot-Curie

1936: Peter Debye

1937: Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer

1938: Richard Kuhn

1939: Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ruzicka

1940: no award

1941: no award

1942: no award

1943: George de Hevesy

1944: Otto Hahn

1945: Artturi Virtanen

1946: James B. Sumner / John H. Northrop / Wendell M. Stanley

1947: Sir Robert Robinson

1948: Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius

1949: William F. Giauque

1950: Otto Diels / Kurt Alder

1951: Edwin M. McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg

1952: Archer J.P. Martin / Richard L.M. Synge

1953: Hermann Staudinger

1954: Linus Pauling

1955: Vincent du Vigneaud

1956: Sir Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semenov

1957: Lord Todd

1958: Frederick Sanger

1959: Jaroslav Heyrovský

1960: Willard F. Libby

1961: Melvin Calvin

1962: Max F. Perutz / John C. Kendrew

1963: Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta

1964: Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin

1965: Robert Burns Woodward

1966: Robert S. Mulliken

1967: Manfred Eigen / Ronald G.W. Norrish / George Porter

1968: Lars onsager

1969: Derek Barton / Odd Hassel

1970: Luis Leloir

1971: Gerhard Herzberg

1972: Christian Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William H. Stein

1973: Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson

1974: Paul J. Flory

1975: John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog

1976: William Lipscomb

1977: Ilya Prigogine

1978: Peter Mitchell

1979: Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig

1980: Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger

1981: Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann

1982: Aaron Klug

1983: Henry Taube

1984: Bruce Merrifield

1985: Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle

1986: Dudley R. Herschbach / Yuan T. Lee / John C. Polanyi

1987: Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen

1988: Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel

1989: Sidney Altman / Thomas R. Cech

1990: Elias James Corey

1991: Richard R. Ernst

1992: Rudolph A. Marcus

1993: Kary B. Mullis / Michael Smith

1994: George A. Olah

1995: Paul J. Crutzen / Mario J. Molina / F. Sherwood Rowland

1996: Robert F. Curl, Jr. / Sir Harold Kroto / Richard E. Smalley

1997: Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens C. Skou

1998: Walter Kohn / John Pople

1999: Ahmed Zewail

2000: Alan Heeger / Alan G. MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa

2001: William S. Knowles / Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless

2002: John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka / Kurt Wüthrich

2003: Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon

2004: Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose

2005: Robert Grubbs / Richard Schrock / Yves Chauvin

2006: Roger D. Kornberg

2007: Gerhard Ertl

2008: Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / Roger Y. Tsien

 

Physiology or medicine- 生理學 . 醫學賞

1901: Emil von Behring

1902: Ronald Ross

1903: Niels Ryberg Finsen

1904: Ivan Pavlov

1905: Robert Koch

1906: Camillo Golgi / Santiago Ramón y Cajal

1907: Alphonse Laveran

1908: Ilya Mechnikov / Paul Ehrlich

1909: Theodor Kocher

1910: Albrecht Kossel

1911: Allvar Gullstrand

1912: Alexis Carrel

1913: Robert Bárány

1914: no award

1915: no award

1916: no award

1917: no award

1918: no award

1919: Jules Bordet

1920: August Krogh

1921: no award

1922: Archibald Vivian Hill / Otto Meyerhof

1923: Frederick G. Banting / John James Richard Macleod

1924: Willem Einthoven

1925: no award

1926: Johannes Fibiger

1927: Julius Wagner-Jauregg

1928: Charles Nicolle

1929: Christiaan Eijkman / Sir Frederick Hopkins

1930: Karl Landsteiner

1931: Otto Heinrich Warburg

1932: Sir Charles Sherrington / Edgar Adrian

1933: Thomas H. Morgan

1934: George H. Whipple / George R. Minot / William P. Murphy

1935: Hans Spemann

1936: Sir Henry Dale / Otto Loewi

1937: Albert Szent-Györgyi

1938: Corneille Heymans

1939: Gerhard Domagk

1940: no award

1941: no award

1942: no award

1943: Henrik Dam / Edward A. Doisy

1944: Joseph Erlanger / Herbert S. Gasser

1945: Sir Alexander Fleming / Ernst B. Chain / Sir Howard Florey

1946: Hermann J. Muller

1947: Carl Cori / Gerty Cori / Bernardo Houssay

1948: Paul Müller

1949: Walter Hess / Egas Moniz

1950: Edward C. Kendall / Tadeus Reichstein / Philip S. Hench

1951: Max Theiler

1952: Selman A. Waksman

1953: Hans Krebs / Fritz Lipmann

1954: John Franklin Enders / Thomas Huckle Weller / Frederick Chapman Robbins

1955: Hugo Theorell

1956: André F. Cournand / Werner Forssmann / Dickinson W. Richards

1957: Daniel Bovet

1958: George Beadle / Edward Tatum / Joshua Lederberg

1959: Severo Ochoa / Arthur Kornberg

1960: Frank Macfarlane Burnet / Peter Medawar

1961: Georg von Békésy

1962: Francis Crick / James D. Watson / Maurice Wilkins

1963: Sir John Eccles / Alan L. Hodgkin / Andrew Huxley

1964: Konrad Bloch / Feodor Lynen

1965: François Jacob / André Lwoff / Jacques Monod

1966: Peyton Rous / Charles B. Huggins

1967: Ragnar Granit / Haldan K. Hartline / George Wald

1968: Robert W. Holley / H. Gobind Khorana / Marshall W. Nirenberg

1969: Max Delbrück / Alfred D. Hershey / Salvador E. Luria

1970: Sir Bernard Katz / Ulf von Euler / Julius Axelrod

1971: Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.

1972: Gerald M. Edelman / Rodney R. Porter

1973: Karl von Frisch / Konrad Lorenz / Nikolaas Tinbergen

1974: Albert Claude / Christian de Duve / George E. Palade

1975: David Baltimore / Renato Dulbecco / Howard M. Temin

1976: Baruch S. Blumberg / D. Carleton Gajdusek

1977: Roger Guillemin / Andrew V. Schally / Rosalyn Yalow

1978: Werner Arber / Daniel Nathans / Hamilton O. Smith

1979: Allan M. Cormack / Godfrey N. Hounsfield

1980: Baruj Benacerraf / Jean Dausset / George D. Snell

1981: Roger W. Sperry / David H. Hubel / Torsten N. Wiesel

1982: Sune K. Bergström / Bengt I. Samuelsson / John R. Vane

1983: Barbara McClintock

1984: Niels K. Jerne / Georges J.F. Köhler / César Milstein

1985: Michael S. Brown / Joseph L. Goldstein

1986: Stanley Cohen / Rita Levi-Montalcini

1987: Susumu Tonegawa

1988: James W. Black / Gertrude B. Elion / George H. Hitchings

1989: J. Michael Bishop / Harold E. Varmus

1990: Joseph E. Murray / E. Donnall Thomas

1991: Erwin Neher / Bert Sakmann

1992: Edmond H. Fischer / Edwin G. Krebs

1993: Richard J. Roberts / Phillip A. Sharp

1994: Alfred G. Gilman / Martin Rodbell

1995: Edward B. Lewis / Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard / Eric F. Wieschaus

1996: Peter C. Doherty / Rolf M. Zinkernagel

1997: Stanley B. Prusiner

1998: Robert F. Furchgott / Louis J. Ignarro / Ferid Murad

1999: Günter Blobel

2000: Arvid Carlsson / Paul Greengard / Eric R. Kandel

2001: Leland H. Hartwell / Tim Hunt / Sir Paul Nurse

2002: Sydney Brenner / H. Robert Horvitz / John E. Sulston

2003: Paul C. Lauterbur / Peter Mansfield

2004: Richard Axel / Linda B. Buck

2005: Barry J. Marshall / J. Robin Warren

2006: Andrew Z. Fire / Craig C. Mello

2007: Mario Capecchi / Martin Evans / Oliver Smithies

2008: Harald zur Hausen / Françoise Barré-Sinoussi / Luc Montagnier

 

Literature- 文學賞

1901: Sully Prudhomme

1902: Theodor Mommsen

1903: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

1904: Frédéric Mistral / José Echegaray

1905: Henryk Sienkiewicz

1906: Giosuè Carducci

1907: Rudyard Kipling

1908: Rudolf Eucken

1909: Selma Lagerlöf

1910: Paul Heyse

1911: Maurice Maeterlinck

1912: Gerhart Hauptmann

1913: Rabindranath Tagore

1914: no award

1915: Romain Rolland

1916: Verner von Heidenstam

1917: Karl Gjellerup / Henrik Pontoppidan

1918: no award

1919: Carl Spitteler

1920: Knut Hamsun

1921: Anatole France

1922: Jacinto Benavente

1923: William Butler Yeats

1924: Władysław Reymont

1925: George Bernard Shaw

1926: Grazia Deledda

1927: Henri Bergson

1928: Sigrid Undset

1929: Thomas Mann

1930: Sinclair Lewis

1931: Erik Axel Karlfeldt

1932: John Galsworthy

1933: Ivan Bunin

1934: Luigi Pirandello

1935: no award

1936: Eugene O'Neill

1937: Roger Martin du Gard

1938: Pearl Buck

1939: Frans Eemil Sillanpää

1940: no award

1941: no award

1942: no award

1943: no award

1944: Johannes V. Jensen

1945: Gabriela Mistral

1946: Hermann Hesse

1947: André Gide

1948: T. S. Eliot

1949: William Faulkner

1950: Bertrand Russell

1951: Pär Lagerkvist

1952: François Mauriac

1953: Winston Churchill

1954: Ernest Hemingway

 1955: Halldór Laxness

1956: Juan Ramón Jiménez

1957: Albert Camus

1958: Boris Pasternak

1959: Salvatore Quasimodo

1960: Saint-John Perse

1961: Ivo Andrić

1962: John Steinbeck

1963: Giorgos Seferis

1964: Jean-Paul Sartre (refused)[1]

1965: Mikhail Sholokhov

1966: Samuel Agnon / Nelly Sachs

1967: Miguel Ángel Asturias

1968: Yasunari Kawabata

1969: Samuel Beckett

1970: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

1971: Pablo Neruda

1972: Heinrich Böll

1973: Patrick White

1974: Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson

1975: Eugenio Montale

1976: Saul Bellow

1977: Vicente Aleixandre

1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer

1979: Odysseus Elytis

1980: Czesław Miłosz

1981: Elias Canetti

1982: Gabriel García Márquez

1983: William Golding

1984: Jaroslav Seifert

1985: Claude Simon

1986: Wole Soyinka

1987: Joseph Brodsky

1988: Naguib Mahfouz

1989: Camilo José Cela

1990: Octavio Paz

1991: Nadine Gordimer

1992: Derek Walcott

1993: Toni Morrison

1994: Kenzaburo Oe

1995: Seamus Heaney

1996: Wisława Szymborska

1997: Dario Fo

1998: José Saramago

1999: Günter Grass

2000: Gao Xingjian

2001: V. S. Naipaul

2002: Imre Kertész

2003: J. M. Coetzee

2004: Elfriede Jelinek

2005: Harold Pinter

2006: Orhan Pamuk

2007: Doris Lessing

2008: Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio

 

Peace-平和賞

1901: Henry Dunant / Frédéric Passy

1902: Élie Ducommun / Albert Gobat

1903: Randal Cremer

1904: Institute of International Law

1905: Bertha von Suttner

1906: Theodore Roosevelt

1907: Ernesto Teodoro Moneta / Louis Renault

1908: Klas Pontus Arnoldson / Fredrik Bajer

1909: Auguste Beernaert / Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant

1910: Permanent International Peace Bureau

1911: Tobias Asser / Alfred Fried

1912: Elihu Root

1913: Henri La Fontaine

1914: no award

1915: no award

1916: no award

1917: International Committee of the Red Cross

1918: no award

1919: Woodrow Wilson

1920: Léon Bourgeois

1921: Hjalmar Branting / Christian Lange

1922: Fridtjof Nansen

1923: no award

1924: no award

1925: Sir Austen Chamberlain / Charles G. Dawes

1926: Aristide Briand / Gustav Stresemann

1927: Ferdinand Buisson / Ludwig Quidde

1928: no award

1929: Frank B. Kellogg

1930: Nathan Söderblom

1931: Jane Addams / Nicholas Murray Butler

1932: no award

1933: Sir Norman Angell

1934: Arthur Henderson

1935: Carl von Ossietzky

1936: Carlos Saavedra Lamas

1937: The Viscount Cecil of Chelwood

1938: Nansen International Office for Refugees

1939: no award

1940: no award

1941: no award

1942: no award

1943: no award

1944: International Committee of the Red Cross

1945: Cordell Hull

1946: Emily Greene Balch / John R. Mott

1947: Friends Service Council / American Friends Service Committee

1948: no award

1949: Lord Boyd Orr

1950: Ralph Bunche

1951: Léon Jouhaux

1952: Albert Schweitzer

1953: George C. Marshall

1954: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

 1955: no award

1956: no award

1957: Lester Bowles Pearson

1958: Georges Pire

1959: Philip Noel-Baker

1960: Albert Lutuli

1961: Dag Hammarskjöld (posthumous)

1962: Linus Pauling

1963: International Committee of the Red Cross / League of Red Cross Societies

1964: Martin Luther King, Jr.

1965: United Nations Children's Fund

1966: no award

1967: no award

1968: René Cassin

1969: International Labour Organization

1970: Norman Borlaug

1971: Willy Brandt

1972: no award

1973: Henry Kissinger / Le Duc Tho (refused)

1974: Seán MacBride / Eisaku Sato

1975: Andrei Sakharov

1976: Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan

1977: Amnesty International

1978: Anwar al-Sadat / Menachem Begin

1979: Mother Teresa

1980: Adolfo Pérez Esquivel

1981: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

1982: Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles

1983: Lech Wałęsa

1984: Desmond Tutu

1985: International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War

1986: Elie Wiesel

1987: Óscar Arias

1988: United Nations Peacekeeping Forces

1989: Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama

1990: Mikhail Gorbachev

1991: Aung San Suu Kyi

1992: Rigoberta Menchú

1993: Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk

1994: Yasser Arafat / Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin

1995: Joseph Rotblat / Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs

1996: Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo / José Ramos-Horta

1997: International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams

1998: John Hume / David Trimble

1999: Médecins Sans Frontières

2000: Kim Dae-jung

2001: United Nations / Kofi Annan

2002: Jimmy Carter

2003: Shirin Ebadi

2004: Wangari Maathai

2005: International Atomic Energy Agency / Mohamed ElBaradei

2006: Grameen Bank / Muhammad Yunus

2007: Al Gore / Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

2008: Martti Ahtisaari

 

Economics-  經濟學賞

1969: Ragnar Frisch / Jan Tinbergen

1970: Paul A. Samuelson

1971: Simon Kuznets

1972: John Hicks / Kenneth J. Arrow

1973: Wassily Leontief

1974: Gunnar Myrdal / Friedrich August von Hayek

1975: Leonid Kantorovich / Tjalling C. Koopmans

1976: Milton Friedman

1977: Bertil Ohlin / James Edward Meade

1978: Herbert A. Simon

1979: Theodore William Schultz / Sir Arthur Lewis

1980: Lawrence R. Klein

1981: James Tobin

1982: George J. Stigler

1983: Gerard Debreu

1984: Richard Stone

1985: Franco Modigliani

1986: James McGill Buchanan, Jr.

1987: Robert M. Solow

1988: Maurice Allais

1989: Trygve Haavelmo

1990: Harry M. Markowitz / Merton H. Miller / William F. Sharpe

1991: Ronald H. Coase

1992: Gary S. Becker

1993: Robert W. Fogel / Douglass C. North

1994: John C. Harsanyi / John Forbes Nash, Jr. / Reinhard Selten

1995: Robert Lucas, Jr.

1996: James A. Mirrlees / William Vickrey

1997: Robert C. Merton / Myron S. Scholes

1998: Amartya Sen

1999: Robert A. Mundell

2000: James J. Heckman / Daniel L. McFadden

2001: George A. Akerlof / A. Michael Spence / Joseph E. Stiglitz

2002: Daniel Kahneman / Vernon L. Smith

2003: Robert F. Engle III / Clive W. J. Granger

2004: Finn E. Kydland / Edward C. Prescott

2005: Robert J. Aumann / Thomas C. Schelling

2006: Edmund S. Phelps

2007: Leonid Hurwicz / Eric S. Maskin / Roger B. Myerson 

*************************************

국가별 수상자리스트

Algeria

Claude Cohen-Tannoudji*, Physics, 1997

Albert Camus*, Literature, 1957

Argentina

César Milstein*, Physiology or Medicine, 1984

Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Peace, 1980

Luis Federico Leloir, Chemistry, 1970

Bernardo Houssay, Physiology or Medicine, 1947

Carlos Saavedra Lamas, Peace, 1936

Australia

Barry Marshall, Physiology or Medicine, 2005

J. Robin Warren, Physiology or Medicine, 2005

Peter Doherty, Physiology or Medicine, 1996

John Warcup Cornforth, Chemistry, 1975

Patrick White, United Kingdom, Literature, 1973

John Carew Eccles, Physiology or Medicine, 1963

Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Physiology or Medicine, 1960

Sir Howard Florey, Physiology or Medicine, 1945

William Lawrence Bragg*, Physics, 1915 (youngest recipient of a prize)

Austria

International Atomic Energy Agency, International, Austria, 2005

Elfriede Jelinek, Literature, 2004

Eric R. Kandel*, Physiology or Medicine, 2000

Walter Kohn*, Chemistry, 1998

Friedrich Hayek, Economics, 1974

Konrad Lorenz, Physiology or Medicine, 1973

Karl von Frisch*, Physiology or Medicine, 1973

Max Ferdinand Perutz, Chemistry, 1962

Wolfgang Pauli, Physics, 1945

Richard Kuhn*, Chemistry 1938

Otto Loewi*, Physiology or Medicine, 1936

Victor Franz Hess, Physics, 1936

Erwin Schrödinger, Physics, 1933

Karl Landsteiner, Physiology or Medicine, 1930

Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Physiology or Medicine, 1927

Richard Adolf Zsigmondy*, Chemistry, 1925

Robert Bárány, Physiology or Medicine, 1914,

Alfred Hermann Fried, (then Austria-Hungary), Peace, 1911

Bertha von Suttner, (then Austria-Hungary now Czech Republic), Peace, 1905

Bangladesh

Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Bank, Peace, 2006

Belgium

Médecins Sans Frontières**, Peace, 1999

Ilya Prigogine, Russia, Chemistry, 1977

Christian de Duve, United Kingdom, Physiology and Medicine, 1974

Albert Claude, Physiology and Medicine, 1974

Georges Pire, Peace, 1958

Corneille Heymans, Physiology and Medicine, 1938

Jules Bordet, Physiology and Medicine, 1919

Henri La Fontaine, Peace, 1913

Maurice Maeterlinck, Literature, 1911

Auguste Beernaert, Peace, 1909

Institute of International Law**, Peace, 1904

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Vladimir Prelog*, (then Yugoslavia), Chemistry, 1975

Ivo Andric*, (then Yugoslavia), Literature, 1961

Brazil

Peter Medawar*, Physiology or Medicine, 1960

Bulgaria

Elias Canetti, Literature, 1981

Canada

Robert Mundell, Economics, 1999

Myron Scholes*, Economics, 1997

William Vickrey*, Economic Sciences, 1996

Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, Peace, 1995

Bertram N. Brockhouse, Physics, 1994

Michael Smith, United Kingdom, Chemistry, 1993

Rudolph Marcus*, Chemistry, 1992

Richard E. Taylor, Physics, 1990

Sidney Altman, Chemistry, 1989

John C. Polanyi*, Chemistry, 1986

David H. Hubel*, Physiology or Medicine, 1981

Saul Bellow*, Literature, 1976

Gerhard Herzberg, Germany, Chemistry, 1971

Charles B. Huggins*, Physiology or Medicine, 1966

Lester B. Pearson, Peace, 1957

William Giauque*, Chemistry, 1949

Frederick G. Banting, Physiology or Medicine, 1923

China

Roger Y. Tsien*, Chemistry, 2008

Gao Xingjian*, Literature, 2000

Daniel C. Tsui*, Physics, 1998

Edmond H. Fischer*, Physiology or Medicine, 1992

Yuan T. Lee*, Chemistry, 1986

Samuel C.C. Ting*, Physics, 1976

Chen Ning Yang, Physics, 1957

Tsung-Dao Lee, Physics, 1957

Chile

Pablo Neruda, Literature, 1971

Gabriela Mistral, Literature, 1945

Colombia

Gabriel García Márquez, Literature, 1982

Costa Rica

Oscar Arias Sánchez, Peace, 1987

Croatia

Vladimir Prelog*, (then Yugoslavia), Chemistry, 1975

Ivo Andric*, (then Yugoslavia), Literature, 1961

Lavoslav Ružička, (then Austria-Hungary), Chemistry, 1939

Czech Republic

Jaroslav Seifert, Literature, 1984

Jaroslav Heyrovský, Chemistry, 1959

Carl Cori*, (then Austria-Hungary), Physiology or Medicine, 1947

Gerty Cori*, (then Austria-Hungary), Physiology or Medicine, 1947

Bertha von Suttner*, (then Austrian-Hungary), Peace, 1905

Denmark

Jens Christian Skou, Chemistry, 1997

Niels K. Jerne, Physiology or Medicine, 1984

Aage Bohr, Physics, 1975

Ben Mottelson, Physics, 1975

Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Literature, 1944

Henrik Dam, Physiology or Medicine, 1943

Johannes Fibiger, Physiology or Medicine, 1926

Niels Henrik David Bohr, Physics, 1922

Schack August Steenberg Krogh, Physiology or Medicine, 1920

Karl Gjellerup, Literature, 1917

Henrik Pontoppidan, Literature, 1917

Fredrik Bajer, Peace, 1908

Niels Ryberg Finsen, Physiology or Medicine, 1903

East Timor

Carlos Felipe Ximenes Belo, (then Portuguese Timor), Peace, 1996

José Ramos-Horta, (then Portuguese Timor), Peace, 1996

Egypt

Mohamed ElBaradei, Peace, 2005

Ahmed H. Zewail,Chemistry, 1999

Yasser Arafat*, Peace, 1994

Naguib Mahfouz, Literature, 1988

Anwar Sadat, Peace, 1978

Faroe Islands

Niels Finsen, Physiology or Medicine, 1903

Finland

Martti Ahtisaari, Peace, 2008

Ragnar Granit*, Physiology or Medicine, 1967

Artturi Ilmari Virtanen, Chemistry, 1945

Frans Eemil Sillanpää, Literature, 1939

France

Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio, Literature, 2008

Luc Montagnier, Physiology or Medicine, 2008

Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Physiology or Medicine, 2008

Albert Fert, Physics, 2007

Yves Chauvin, Chemistry, 2005

Gao Xingjian, China, Literature, 2000

Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Algeria, Physics, 1997

Georges Charpak, Physics, 1992

Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, Physics, 1991

Maurice Allais, Economics, 1988

Jean-Marie Lehn, Chemistry, 1987

Claude Simon, Madagascar, Literature, 1985

Gerard Debreu, Economics, 1983

Jean Dausset, Physiology or Medicine, 1980

Roger Guillemin*, Physiology or Medicine, 1977

Seán MacBride*, Peace, 1974

Louis Néel, Physics, 1970

René Cassin, Peace, 1968

Alfred Kastler, Physics, 1966

François Jacob, Physiology or Medicine, 1965

Jacques Monod, Physiology or Medicine, 1965

André Lwoff, Physiology or Medicine, 1965

Jean-Paul Sartre, Literature, 1964 (declined the prize)

Saint-John Perse, Literature, 1960

Albert Camus, Algeria Literature, 1957

Andre Frederic Cournand, Physiology or Medicine, 1956

François Mauriac, Literature, 1952

Léon Jouhaux, Peace, 1951

André Gide, Literature, 1947

Roger Martin du Gard, Literature, 1937

Frédéric Joliot, Chemistry, 1935

Irène Joliot-Curie, Chemistry, 1935

Ivan Bunin, Russia, Literature, 1933

Charles Nicolle, Physiology or Medicine, 1928

Henri Bergson, Literature, 1927

Ferdinand Buisson, Peace, 1927

Aristide Briand, Peace, 1926

Jean-Baptiste Perrin, Physics, 1926

Anatole France, Literature, 1921

Léon Bourgeois, Peace, 1920

Romain Rolland, Literature, 1915

Charles Richet, Physiology or Medicine, 1913

Alexis Carrel, Medicine, 1912

Paul Sabatier, Chemistry, 1912

Victor Grignard, Chemistry, 1912

Marie Curie, Russian Poland, Chemistry, 1911

Paul-Henri-Benjamin d'Estournelles de Constant, Peace, 1909

Gabriel Lippmann*, Luxembourg, Physics, 1908

Alphonse Laveran, Physiology or Medicine, 1907

Louis Renault, Peace, 1907

Henri Moissan, Chemistry, 1906

Frédéric Mistral, Literature, 1904

Antoine Henri Becquerel, Physics, 1903

Pierre Curie, Physics, 1903

Marie Curie, Russian Poland, Physics, 1903

Frédéric Passy, Peace, 1901

Sully Prudhomme, Literature, 1901

Germany

Harald zur Hausen, Physiology or Medicine, 2008

Gerhard Ertl, Chemistry, 2007

Peter Grünberg, (then Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, now Czech Republic), Physics, 2007

Theodor W. Hänsch, Physics, 2005

Robert Aumann*, Economics, 2005

Wolfgang Ketterle, Physics, 2001

Herbert Kroemer*, Physics, 2000

Günter Blobel*, Physiology or Medicine, 1999

Günter Grass, (then Free City of Danzig, now Poland), Literature, 1999

Horst L. Störmer*, Physics, 1998

Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Physiology or Medicine, 1995

Reinhard Selten, Economics, 1994

Bert Sakmann, Physiology or Medicine, 1991

Erwin Neher, Physiology or Medicine, 1991

Hans G. Dehmelt*, Physics, 1989

Wolfgang Paul, Physics, 1989

Johann Deisenhofer, Chemistry, 1988

Robert Huber, Chemistry, 1988

Jack Steinberger*, Physics, 1988

Hartmut Michel, Chemistry, 1988

J. Georg Bednorz, Physics, 1987

John Charles Polanyi*, Chemistry, 1986

Ernst Ruska, Physics, 1986

Gerd Binnig, Physics, 1986

Klaus von Klitzing, Physics, 1985

Georges J.F. Kohler*, Physiology or Medicine, 1984

Georg Wittig, Chemistry, 1979

Henry Kissinger*, Peace, 1973

Ernst Otto Fischer, Chemistry, 1973

Karl Ritter von Frisch, (then Austria-Hungary, now Austria), Physiology or Medicine, 1973

Heinrich Böll, Literature, 1972

Gerhard Herzberg*, Chemistry, 1971

Willy Brandt, Peace, 1971

Bernard Katz*, Physiology or Medicine, 1970

Max Delbrück*, Physiology or Medicine, 1969

Manfred Eigen, Chemistry, 1967

Hans Albrecht Bethe*, (now France), Physics, 1967

Nelly Sachs*, Literature, 1966

Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen, Physiology or Medicine, 1964

Konrad Bloch*, Physiology or Medicine, 1964

Karl Ziegler, Chemistry, 1963

Maria Goeppert-Mayer*, Physics, 1963

J. Hans D. Jensen, Physics, 1963

Rudolf Mössbauer, Physics, 1961

Werner Forssmann, Physiology or Medicine, 1956

Max Born* (1933-1953 in exile in Britain - became a British subject), Physics 1954

Walther Bothe, Physics, 1954

Hermann Staudinger, Chemistry, 1953

Fritz Albert Lipmann*, (then Germany, now Russia), Physiology or Medicine, 1953

Hans Adolf Krebs*, Physiology or Medicine, 1953

Albert Schweitzer*, (now France), Peace, 1952

Otto Diels, Chemistry, 1950

Kurt Alder, Chemistry, 1950

Herman Hesse*, Literature, 1946

Ernst Boris Chain*, Physiology or Medicine, 1945

Otto Hahn, Chemistry 1944

Otto Stern*, Physics, 1943

Adolf Butenandt, Chemistry, 1939

Gerhard Domagk, Physiology or Medicine, 1939

Richard Kuhn, born in Austria Chemistry 1938

Carl von Ossietzky, Peace, 1935

Hans Spemann, Physiology or Medicine, 1935

Werner Karl Heisenberg, Physics, 1932

Otto Heinrich Warburg, Physiology or Medicine, 1931

Carl Bosch, Chemistry 1931

Friedrich Bergius, Chemistry, 1931

Hans Fischer, Chemistry, 1930

Thomas Mann, Literature, 1929

Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus, Chemistry, 1928

Ludwig Quidde, (then Bremen), Peace, 1927

Heinrich Otto Wieland, Chemistry, 1927

Gustav Stresemann, Peace, 1926

Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, (then Austrian Empire, now Austria), Chemistry, 1925

James Franck, Physics, 1925

Gustav Ludwig Hertz, Physics, 1925

Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Physiology or Medicine, 1922

Albert Einstein, Physics, 1921

Walther Nernst, Chemistry, 1920

Johannes Stark, Physics, 1919

Fritz Haber, Chemistry 1918

Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, (then Denmark), Physics, 1918

Richard Willstätter, Chemistry, 1915

Max von Laue, Physics, 1914

Gerhart Hauptmann, (then Prussia, now Poland), Literature, 1912

Wilhelm Wien, (then Prussia), Physics, 1911

Otto Wallach, Chemistry, 1910

Albrecht Kossel, Physiology or Medicine, 1910

Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse, (then Prussia), Literature, 1910

Karl Ferdinand Braun, Physics, 1909

Wilhelm Ostwald, today Latvia, Chemistry, 1909

Rudolf Christoph Eucken, (then Hanover), Literature, 1908

Paul Ehrlich, Physiology or Medicine, 1908

Eduard Buchner, Chemistry, 1907

Albert Abraham Michelson*, (then Prussia, now Poland) Physics 1907

Robert Koch, Physiology or Medicine, 1905

Philipp Lenard*, (then Austria-Hungary, now Slovakia), Physics, 1905

Adolf von Baeyer, Chemistry, 1905

Hermann Emil Fischer, Chemistry, 1902

Theodor Mommsen, (then Denmark), Literature, 1902

Emil Adolf von Behring, Physiology or Medicine, 1901

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, (then Prussia), Physics, 1901

Ghana

Kofi Annan, Peace, 2001

Greece

Odysseas Elytis, Literature, 1979

Giorgos Seferis, Literature, 1963

Guatemala

Rigoberta Menchú, Peace, 1992

Miguel Ángel Asturias, Literature, 1967

Hungary

Avram Hershko*, Chemistry, 2004

Imre Kertész, Literature, 2002

George Andrew Olah*, Chemistry, 1994

John Charles Harsanyi*, Economics, 1994

Dennis Gabor*, Physics, 1971

Eugene Wigner*, Physics, 1963

Georg von Békésy*, Physiology or Medicine, 1961

George de Hevesy, Chemistry, 1943

Albert Szent-Györgyi, Physiology or Medicine, 1937

Philipp Lenard*, Physics, 1905

Iceland

Halldór Laxness, Literature, 1955

India

Main article: Nobel laureates of India

Amartya Kumar Sen, Economics, 1998

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar*, Physics, 1983

Mother Teresa, Albania, Peace, 1979

Har Gobind Khorana*, Medicine, 1968

C. V. Raman, Physics, 1930

Rabindranath Tagore, Literature, 1913

Rudyard Kipling*, Literature, 1907

Ronald Ross*, Physiology or Medicine, 1902

Iran

Doris Lessing*, Literature, 2007

Shirin Ebadi, Peace, 2003

Ireland

Seamus Heaney, Literature, 1995

Mairead Corrigan, Peace, 1976

Betty Williams, Peace, 1976

Seán MacBride, France, Peace, 1974

Samuel Beckett, Literature, 1969

Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton, Physics, 1951

George Bernard Shaw*, Literature, 1925

William Butler Yeats, Literature, 1923

Israel

Robert Aumann, Germany, Economics, 2005

Aaron Ciechanover, Chemistry, 2004

Avram Hershko, Hungary, Chemistry, 2004

Daniel Kahneman, Economics, 2002

Yitzhak Rabin, Peace, 1994

Shimon Peres, (then Poland, now Belarus), Peace, 1994

Menachem Begin, (then Russia, now Belarus), Peace, 1978

Shmuel Yosef Agnon, (then Austria-Hungary, now Ukraine), Literature, 1966

Italy

Mario R. Capecchi*, Physiology or Medicine, 2007

Riccardo Giacconi*, Physics, 2002

Dario Fo, Literature, 1997

Rita Levi-Montalcini*, Physiology or Medicine, 1986

Franco Modigliani, Economics, 1985

Carlo Rubbia, Physics, 1984

Renato Dulbecco*, Physiology or Medicine, 1975

Eugenio Montale, Literature, 1975

Salvador Luria*, Physiology or Medicine, 1969

Giulio Natta, Chemistry, 1963

Salvatore Quasimodo, Literature, 1959

Emilio Segrè, Physics, 1959

Daniel Bovet, Switzerland, Physiology or Medicine, 1957

Enrico Fermi, Physics, 1938

Luigi Pirandello, Literature, 1934

Grazia Deledda, Literature, 1926

Guglielmo Marconi, Physics, 1909

Ernesto Teodoro Moneta, Peace, 1907

Giosuè Carducci, Literature, 1906

Camillo Golgi, Physiology or Medicine, 1906

Japan

Osamu Shimomura, Chemistry, 2008

Makoto Kobayashi, Physics, 2008

Toshihide Maskawa, Physics, 2008

Masatoshi Koshiba, Physics, 2002

Koichi Tanaka, Chemistry, 2002

Ryoji Noyori, Chemistry, 2001

Hideki Shirakawa, Chemistry, 2000

Kenzaburo Oe, Literature, 1994

Susumu Tonegawa*, Physiology or Medicine, 1987

Kenichi Fukui, Chemistry, 1981

Eisaku Sato, Peace, 1974

Leo Esaki, Physics, 1973

Yasunari Kawabata, Literature, 1968

Shinichirou Tomonaga, Physics, 1965

Hideki Yukawa, Physics, 1949

Kenya

Wangari Maathai, Peace, 2004

Latvia

Wilhelm Ostwald, Chemistry, 1909

Lithuania

Aaron Klug, Chemistry, 1982

Republic of Macedonia

Mother Teresa*, (then Ottoman Empire), Peace, 1979

Mexico

Mario J. Molina*, Chemistry, 1995

Octavio Paz, Literature, 1990

Alfonso García Robles, Peace, 1982

Myanmar

Aung San Suu Kyi, (then Burma), Peace, 1991

The Netherlands

Martinus J.G. Veltman, Physics, 1999

Gerardus 't Hooft, Physics, 1999

Paul Crutzen, Chemistry, 1995

Simon van der Meer, Physics, 1984

Nicolaas Bloembergen*, Physics, 1981

Tjalling Koopmans, Economics, 1975

Nikolaas Tinbergen*, Physiology or Medicine, 1973

Jan Tinbergen, Economics, 1969

Frits Zernike, Physics, 1953

Peter Debye, Chemistry, 1936

Christiaan Eijkman, Physiology or Medicine, 1929

Willem Einthoven, Physiology or Medicine, 1924

Heike Kamerlingh onnes, Physics, 1913

Tobias Asser, Peace, 1911

Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Physics, 1910

Pieter Zeeman, Physics, 1902

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz, Physics, 1902

Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Chemistry, 1901

New Zealand

Alan MacDiarmid*, Chemistry, 2000

Maurice Wilkins*, Physiology or Medicine, 1962

Ernest Rutherford*, Chemistry, 1908

Nigeria

Wole Soyinka, Literature, 1986

Norway

Finn Kydland, Economics, 2004

Trygve Haavelmo, Economics, 1989

Ivar Giaever, Physics, 1973

Ragnar Frisch, Economics, 1969

Odd Hassel, Chemistry, 1969

Lars onsager, Chemistry, 1968

Sigrid Undset, Literature, 1928

Fridtjof Nansen, Peace, 1922

Christian Lous Lange, Peace, 1921

Knut Hamsun, Literature, 1920

Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, Literature, 1903

Pakistan

Abdus Salam, Physics, 1979

Palestinian National Authority

Yasser Arafat, Egypt, Peace, 1994

Poland

Wisława Szymborska, Literature, 1996

Józef Rotblat*, Peace, 1995

Lech Wałęsa, Peace, 1983

Czesław Miłosz, Literature, 1980

Isaac Bashevis Singer*, Literature, 1978

Tadeus Reichstein*, Physiology or Medicine, 1950

Władysław Reymont, Literature, 1924

Henryk Sienkiewicz, Literature, 1905

Marie Skłodowska-Curie, Physics, 1903 and Chemistry, 1911

Portugal

José Saramago, Literature, 1998

Egas Moniz, Medicine, 1949

Romania

Elie Wiesel*, Peace, 1986

George E. Palade*, Physiology or Medicine, 1974

Russia

Alexei A. Abrikosov, Physics, 2003

Vitaly Ginzburg, Physics, 2003

Zhores I. Alferov, Physics, 2000

Mikhail Gorbachev, Peace, 1990

Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky*, Literature, 1987

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, Physics, 1978

Ilya Prigogine*, Chemistry, 1977

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov, Peace, 1975

Leonid Kantorovich, Economics, 1975

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Literature, 1970

Michail Sholokhov, Literature, 1965

Nicolay G. Basov, Physics, 1964

Aleksandr M. Prokhorov*, Australia, Physics, 1964

Lev Landau, Physics, 1962

Boris Pasternak, Literature, 1958 (forced to decline)

Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Physics, 1958

Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm, Physics, 1958

Ilya Mikhailovich Frank, Physics, 1958

Nikolay Semyonov, Chemistry, 1956

Ivan Bunin*, Literature, 1933

Ilya Mechnikov*, Physiology or Medicine, 1908

Ivan Pavlov, Physiology or Medicine, 1904

Serbia

Ivo Andric*, (then Yugoslavia), Literature, 1961

Slovakia

Philipp Lenard*, (then Austria-Hungary, now Slovakia), Physics, 1905

Slovenia

Friderik Pregl*, (then Yugoslavia), Chemistry, 1923

St Lucia

Derek Walcott, Literature, 1992

Sir Arthur Lewis*, Economics, 1979

South Africa

J. M. Coetzee, Literature, 2003

Sydney Brenner*, Physiology or Medicine, 2002

F.W. de Klerk, Peace, 1993

Nelson Mandela, Peace, 1993

Nadine Gordimer, Literature, 1991

Desmond Tutu, Peace, 1984

Allan M. Cormack*, Physiology or Medicine, 1979

Albert Lutuli, Peace, 1960

Max Theiler, Physiology or Medicine, 1951

South Korea

Kim Dae Jung, Peace, 2000

Spain

Camilo José Cela, Literature, 1989

Vicente Aleixandre, Literature, 1977

Severo Ochoa*, Physiology or Medicine, 1959

Juan Ramón Jiménez, Literature, 1956

Jacinto Benavente, Literature, 1922

Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Physiology or Medicine, 1906

José Echegaray, Literature, 1904

Sweden

Arvid Carlsson, Physiology or Medicine, 2000

Alva Myrdal, Peace, 1982

Sune Bergström, Physiology or Medicine, 1982

Bengt I. Samuelsson, Physiology or Medicine, 1982

Kai Siegbahn, Physics, 1981

Torsten Wiesel*, Physiology or Medicine, 1981

Eyvind Johnson, Literature, 1974

Harry Martinson, Literature, 1974

Bertil Ohlin, Economics, 1977

Gunnar Myrdal, Economics, 1974

Ulf von Euler, Physiology or Medicine, 1970 (son of 1929 Nobel Chemistry laureate Hans von Euler-Chelpin who was born German).

Hannes Alfvén, Physics, 1970

Ragnar Granit, Finland, Physiology or Medicine, 1967

Nelly Sachs, Germany, Literature, 1966

Dag Hammarskjöld, Peace, 1961 (posthumously)

Pär Lagerkvist, Literature, 1951

Arne Tiselius, Chemistry, 1948

Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Literature, 1931

Nathan Söderblom, Peace, 1930

Hans von Euler-Chelpin, Chemistry, 1929 (father of Ulf von Euler, 1970 Physiology or Medicine Nobel winner)

Theodor Svedberg, Chemistry, 1926

Karl Manne Siegbahn, Physics, 1924

Hjalmar Branting, Peace, 1921

Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam, Literature, 1916

Gustaf Dalén, Physics, 1912

Selma Lagerlöf, Literature, 1909

Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Peace, 1908

Svante Arrhenius, Chemistry, 1903

Switzerland

Kurt Wüthrich, Chemistry, 2002

Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Physiology or Medicine, 1996

Edmond H. Fischer, China, Physiology or Medicine, 1992

Richard R. Ernst, Chemistry, 1991

Karl Alexander Müller, Physics, 1987

Heinrich Rohrer, Physics, 1986

Georges J. F. Köhler, Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1984

Werner Arber, Physiology or Medicine, 1978

Vladimir Prelog, Bosnia and Herzogovina, Chemistry, 1975

Daniel Bovet, Physiology or Medicine, 1957

Felix Bloch, Physics, 1952

Tadeus Reichstein, Physiology or Medicine, 1950

Walter Rudolf Hess, Physiology or Medicine, 1949

Paul Hermann Müller, Physiology or Medicine, 1948

Hermann Hesse, Germany, Literature, 1946

Leopold Ružička, Croatia, Chemistry, 1939

Paul Karrer, Chemistry, 1937

Albert Einstein, Germany, Physics, 1921

Charles Édouard Guillaume, Physics, 1920

Carl Spitteler, Literature, 1919

Alfred Werner, Chemistry, 1913

Theodor Kocher, Physiology or Medicine, 1909

Élie Ducommun (for the International Office for Peace), Peace, 1902

Charles Albert Gobat (for the International Office for Peace), Peace, 1902

Henry Dunant, Peace, 1901

Republic of China (Taiwan)

Yuan T. Lee*, Chemistry, 1986

Tibetan China

Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama, Peace, 1989

Trinidad and Tobago

Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul*, Literature, 2001

Turkey

Orhan Pamuk, Literature, 2006

Ukraine

Georges Charpak*, (then Poland), Physics, 1992

Roald Hoffmann*, (then Poland), Chemistry, 1981

Ilya Mechnikov*, (then Russian Empire), Physiology or Medicine, 1908

United Kingdom

Doris Lessing, Iran, Literature, 2007

Sir Martin J. Evans, Physiology or Medicine, 2007

Oliver Smithies*, Physiology or Medicine, 2007

Harold Pinter, Literature, 2005

Clive W. J. Granger*, Economics, 2003

Anthony J. Leggett*, Physics, 2003

Peter Mansfield, Physiology or Medicine, 2003

Sydney Brenner, South Africa, Physiology or Medicine, 2002

John E. Sulston, Physiology or Medicine, 2002

Tim Hunt, Physiology or Medicine, 2001

Paul Nurse, Physiology or Medicine, 2001

V.S. Naipaul, Literature 2001

John Hume, Peace, 1998

John Pople, Chemistry, 1998

David Trimble, Peace, 1998

John E. Walker, Chemistry, 1997

Harold Kroto, Chemistry, 1996

James A. Mirrlees, Economics, 1996

Joseph Rotblat, Poland, Peace, 1995

Richard J. Roberts, Physiology or Medicine, 1993

Michael Smith*, Chemistry, 1993

Ronald Coase, Economics, 1991

James W. Black, Physiology or Medicine, 1988

Niels Kaj Jerne*, Physiology or Medicine, 1984

César Milstein, Argentina, Physiology or Medicine, 1984

Richard Stone, Economics, 1984

William Golding, Literature, 1983

Aaron Klug, Lithuania, Chemistry, 1982

John Robert Vane, Physiology or Medicine, 1982

Elias Canetti, Bulgaria, Literature, 1981

Arthur Lewis, St Lucia, Economics, 1979

Godfrey Hounsfield, Physiology or Medicine, 1979

Peter D. Mitchell, Chemistry, 1978

James Meade, Economics, 1977

Nevill Francis Mott, Physics, 1977

Amnesty International**, Peace, 1977

Betty Williams, Peace, 1976

Mairead Corrigan, Peace, 1976

John Cornforth, Australia, Chemistry, 1975

Christian de Duve*, Physiology or Medicine, 1974

Friedrich Hayek, Austria, Economics 1974

Antony Hewish, Physics, 1974

Nikolaas Tinbergen, the Netherlands, Physiology or Medicine, 1973

Patrick White*, Literature, 1973

Geoffrey Wilkinson, Chemistry, 1973

Brian David Josephson, Physics, 1973

Rodney Robert Porter, Physiology or Medicine, 1972

John Hicks, Economics, 1972

Dennis Gabor, Hungary, Physics, 1971

Bernard Katz, Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1970

Derek Harold Richard Barton, Chemistry, 1969

Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, Chemistry, 1967

George Porter, Chemistry, 1967

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, Chemistry, 1964

Andrew Huxley, Physiology or Medicine, 1963

Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Physiology or Medicine, 1963

John Kendrew, Chemistry, 1962

Max Perutz, Austria, Chemistry, 1962

Francis Crick, Physiology or Medicine, 1962

Maurice Wilkins, New Zealand, Physiology or Medicine, 1962

Peter Medawar, Brazil, Physiology or Medicine, 1960

Philip Noel-Baker, Peace, 1959

Frederick Sanger, Chemistry, 1958 and 1980

Alexander R. Todd, Baron Todd, Chemistry, 1957

Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Chemistry, 1956

Max Born, Germany, Physics, 1954

Winston Churchill, Literature, 1953

Hans Adolf Krebs, Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1953

Archer John Porter Martin, Chemistry, 1952

Richard Laurence Millington Synge, Chemistry, 1952

John Cockcroft, Physics, 1951

Bertrand Russell, Literature, 1950

Cecil Frank Powell, Physics, 1950

John Boyd Orr, Peace, 1949

Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, Physics, 1948

T. S. Eliot, United States of America, Literature, 1948

Edward Victor Appleton, Physics, 1947

Robert Robinson, Chemistry, 1947

Friends Service Council**, Peace, 1947

Martin Ryle, Physics, 1946

Ernst Boris Chain, Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1945

Alexander Fleming, Physiology or Medicine, 1945

George Paget Thomson, Physics, 1937

Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, Peace, 1937

Norman Haworth, Chemistry, 1937

Henry Hallett Dale, Physiology or Medicine, 1936

James Chadwick, Physics, 1935

Arthur Henderson, Peace, 1934

Norman Angell, Peace, 1933

Paul Dirac, Physics, 1933

Charles Scott Sherrington, Physiology or Medicine, 1932

John Galsworthy, Literature, 1932

Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian, Physiology or Medicine, 1932

Arthur Harden, Chemistry, 1929

Frederick Hopkins, Physiology or Medicine, 1929

Owen Willans Richardson, Physics, 1928

Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, Physics, 1927

Austen Chamberlain, Peace, 1925

George Bernard Shaw, Ireland, Literature, 1925

John James Richard Macleod*, Physiology or Medicine, 1923

Francis William Aston, Chemistry, 1922

Archibald Hill, Physiology or Medicine, 1922

Frederick Soddy, Chemistry, 1921

Charles Glover Barkla, Physics, 1917

William Henry Bragg, Physics, 1915

William Lawrence Bragg, Australia, Physics, 1915

Ernest Rutherford, New Zealand, Chemistry, 1908

Rudyard Kipling, India, Literature, 1907

J. J. Thomson, Physics, 1906

John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, Physics, 1904

William Ramsay, Chemistry, 1904

William Randal Cremer, Peace, 1903

Ronald Ross, Physiology or Medicine, 1902

United States of America

Roger Yonchien Tsien, Chemistry, 2008

Martin Chalfie, Chemistry, 2008

Yoichiro Nambu, Japan, Physics, 2008

Leonid Hurwicz, Russia, Economics, 2007

Eric S. Maskin, Economics, 2007

Roger B. Myerson, Economics, 2007

Al Gore, Peace, 2007

Mario R. Capecchi, Italy, Physiology or Medicine, 2007

Oliver Smithies, United Kingdom, Physiology or Medicine, 2007

Roger D. Kornberg, Chemistry, 2006

John C. Mather, Physics, 2006

Edmund S. Phelps, Economics, 2006

George F. Smoot, Physics, 2006

Andrew Z. Fire, Physiology or Medicine, 2006

Craig C. Mello, Physiology or Medicine, 2006

Robert Aumann, Germany, Economics, 2005

Robert H. Grubbs, Chemistry, 2005

Richard R. Schrock, Chemistry, 2005

Thomas Schelling, Economics, 2005

John L. Hall, Physics, 2005

Roy J. Glauber, Physics, 2005

Irwin Rose, Chemistry, 2004

Edward C. Prescott, Economics, 2004

David J. Gross, Physics, 2004

H. David Politzer, Physics, 2004

Frank Wilczek, Physics, 2004

Richard Axel, Physiology or Medicine, 2004

Linda B. Buck, Physiology or Medicine, 2004

Peter Agre, Chemistry, 2003

Roderick MacKinnon, Chemistry, 2003

Robert F. Engle, Economics, 2003

Anthony J. Leggett, United Kingdom, Physics, 2003

Paul C. Lauterbur, Physiology or Medicine, 2003

Alexei A. Abrikosov, Russia, Physics, 2003

Daniel Kahneman, Israel, Economics, 2002

Vernon L. Smith, Economics, 2002

Jimmy Carter, Peace, 2002

Raymond Davis Jr., Physics, 2002

Riccardo Giacconi, Italy, Physics, 2002

Sydney Brenner, South Africa, Physiology or Medicine, 2002

H. Robert Horvitz, Physiology or Medicine, 2002

William S. Knowles, Chemistry, 2001

K. Barry Sharpless, Chemistry, 2001

Joseph E. Stiglitz, Economics, 2001

George A. Akerlof, Economics, 2001

A. Michael Spence, Economics, 2001

Eric A. Cornell, Physics, 2001

Carl E. Wieman, Physics, 2001

Leland H. Hartwell, Physiology or Medicine, 2001

Alan Heeger, Chemistry, 2000

Alan MacDiarmid, New Zealand, Chemistry, 2000

James J. Heckman, Economics, 2000

Daniel L. McFadden, Economics, 2000

Jack Kilby, Physics, 2000

Paul Greengard, Physiology or Medicine, 2000

Eric R. Kandel, Austria, Physiology or Medicine, 2000

Ahmed H. Zewail, Egypt, Chemistry, 1999

Günter Blobel, Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1999

Walter Kohn, Austria, Chemistry, 1998

Robert B. Laughlin, Physics, 1998

Daniel C. Tsui, China, Physics, 1998

Robert F. Furchgott, Physiology or Medicine, 1998

Louis J. Ignarro, Physiology or Medicine, 1998

Ferid Murad, Physiology or Medicine, 1998

Paul D. Boyer, Chemistry, 1997

Robert C. Merton, Economics, 1997

Myron Scholes, Canada, Economics, 1997

Jody Williams, Peace, 1997

Steven Chu, Physics, 1997

William D. Phillips, Physics, 1997

Stanley B. Prusiner, Physiology or Medicine, 1997

Richard E. Smalley, Chemistry, 1996

Robert F. Curl Jr., Chemistry, 1996

William Vickrey, Canada, Economics, 1996

David M. Lee, Physics, 1996

Douglas D. Osheroff, Physics, 1996

Robert C. Richardson, Physics, 1996

Mario J. Molina, Mexico, Chemistry, 1995

F. Sherwood Rowland, Chemistry, 1995

Robert Lucas, Jr., Economics, 1995

Martin L. Perl, Physics, 1995

Frederick Reines, Physics, 1995

Edward B. Lewis, Physiology or Medicine, 1995

Eric F. Wieschaus, Physiology or Medicine, 1995

George Andrew Olah, Hungary, Chemistry, 1994

John Charles Harsanyi, Hungary, Economics, 1994

John Forbes Nash, Economics, 1994

Clifford G. Shull, Physics, 1994

Alfred G. Gilman, Physiology or Medicine, 1994

Martin Rodbell, Physiology or Medicine, 1994

Kary B. Mullis, Chemistry, 1993

Robert W. Fogel, Economics, 1993

Douglass C. North, Economics, 1993

Toni Morrison, Literature, 1993

Russell A. Hulse, Physics, 1993

Joseph H. Taylor Jr., Physics, 1993

Phillip A. Sharp, Physiology or Medicine, 1993

Rudolph A. Marcus, Chemistry, 1992

Gary S. Becker, Economics, 1992

Edmond H. Fischer, China, Physiology or Medicine, 1992

Edwin G. Krebs, Physiology or Medicine, 1992

Elias James Corey, Chemistry, 1990

Merton H. Miller, Economics, 1990

William F. Sharpe, Economics, 1990

Harry M. Markowitz, Economics, 1990

Jerome I. Friedman, Physics, 1990

Henry W. Kendall, Physics, 1990

Joseph E. Murray, Physiology or Medicine, 1990

E. Donnall Thomas, Physiology or Medicine, 1990

Sidney Altman, Canada, Chemistry, 1989

Thomas R. Cech, Chemistry, 1989

Hans G. Dehmelt, Germany, Physics, 1989

Norman F. Ramsey, Physics, 1989

J. Michael Bishop, Physiology or Medicine, 1989

Harold E. Varmus, Physiology or Medicine, 1989

Leon M. Lederman, Physics, 1988

Melvin Schwartz, Physics, 1988

Jack Steinberger, Germany, Physics, 1988

Gertrude B. Elion, Physiology or Medicine, 1988

George H. Hitchings, Physiology or Medicine, 1988

Charles J. Pedersen, Korea, Chemistry, 1987

Donald J. Cram, Chemistry, 1987

Robert M. Solow, Economics, 1987

Joseph Brodsky, Russia, Literature, 1987

Dudley R. Herschbach, Chemistry, 1986

Yuan T. Lee, Taiwan, Chemistry, 1986

James M. Buchanan, Economics, 1986

Elie Wiesel, Romania, Peace, 1986

Stanley Cohen, Physiology or Medicine, 1986

Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italy, Physiology or Medicine, 1986

Jerome Karle, Chemistry, 1985

Herbert A. Hauptman, Chemistry, 1985

Franco Modigliani, Italy, Economics, 1985

Michael S. Brown, Physiology or Medicine, 1985

Joseph L. Goldstein, Physiology or Medicine, 1985

Bruce Merrifield, Chemistry, 1984

Henry Taube, Canada, Chemistry, 1983

Gerard Debreu, France, Economics, 1983

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, (then British India, now Pakistan), Physics, 1983

William A. Fowler, Physics, 1983

Barbara McClintock, Physiology or Medicine, 1983

George J. Stigler, Economics, 1982

Kenneth G. Wilson, Physics, 1982

Roald Hoffmann, Poland, Chemistry, 1981

James Tobin, Economics, 1981

Nicolaas Bloembergen, the Netherlands, Physics, 1981

Arthur L. Schawlow, Physics, 1981

David H. Hubel, Canada, Physiology or Medicine, 1981

Roger W. Sperry, Physiology or Medicine, 1981

Walter Gilbert, Chemistry, 1980

Paul Berg, Chemistry, 1980

Lawrence R. Klein, Economics, 1980

Czeslaw Milosz, (then Russian Empire, now Lithuania), Literature, 1980

James Cronin, Physics, 1980

Val Fitch, Physics, 1980

Baruj Benacerraf, Venezuela, Physiology or Medicine, 1980

George D. Snell, Physiology or Medicine, 1980

Herbert C. Brown, Chemistry, 1979

Theodore Schultz, Economics, 1979

Steven Weinberg, Physics, 1979

Sheldon Glashow, Physics, 1979

Allan M. Cormack, South Africa, Physiology or Medicine, 1979

Herbert A. Simon, Economics, 1978

Isaac Bashevis Singer, Poland, Literature, 1978

Robert Woodrow Wilson, Physics, 1978

Arno Penzias, Physics, 1978

Hamilton O. Smith, Physiology or Medicine, 1978

Daniel Nathans, Physiology or Medicine, 1978

Philip Anderson, Physics, 1977

John H. van Vleck, Physics, 1977

Roger Guillemin, France, Physiology or Medicine, 1977

Andrzej W. Schally, Poland, Physiology or Medicine, 1977

Rosalyn Yalow, Physiology or Medicine, 1977

William Lipscomb, Chemistry, 1976

Milton Friedman, Economics, 1976

Saul Bellow, Canada, Literature, 1976

Burton Richter, Physics, 1976

Samuel C. C. Ting, Physics, 1976

Baruch S. Blumberg, Physiology or Medicine, 1976

Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, Physiology or Medicine, 1976

Tjalling C. Koopmans, the Netherlands, Economics, 1975

Ben R. Mottelson*, Physics, 1975

James Rainwater, Physics, 1975

David Baltimore, Physiology or Medicine, 1975

Renato Dulbecco, Italy, Physiology or Medicine, 1975

Howard Martin Temin, Physiology or Medicine, 1975

Paul J. Flory, Chemistry, 1974

George E. Palade, Romania, Physiology or Medicine, 1974

Wassily Leontief, Germany, Economics, 1973

Henry Kissinger, Germany, Peace, 1973

Ivar Giaever, Norway, Physics, 1973

Christian Anfinsen, Chemistry, 1972

Stanford Moore, Chemistry, 1972

William H. Stein, Chemistry, 1972

Kenneth J. Arrow, Economics, 1972

John Bardeen, Physics 1972

Leon N. Cooper, Physics 1972

Robert Schrieffer, Physics 1972

Gerald Edelman, Physiology or Medicine, 1972

Simon Kuznets, (then Russia, now Belarus), Economics, 1971

Earl W. Sutherland Jr., Physiology or Medicine, 1971

Paul A. Samuelson, Economics, 1970

Norman Borlaug, Peace, 1970

Julius Axelrod, Physiology or Medicine, 1970

Murray Gell-Mann, Physics, 1969

Max Delbrück, Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1969

Alfred Hershey, Physiology or Medicine, 1969

Salvador Luria, Italy, Physiology or Medicine, 1969

Lars onsager, Norway, Chemistry, 1968

Luis Alvarez, Physics, 1968

Robert W. Holley, Physiology or Medicine, 1968

Har Gobind Khorana, (then British India, now Pakistan), Physiology or Medicine, 1968

Marshall Warren Nirenberg, Physiology or Medicine, 1968

Hans Bethe, Germany, Physics, 1967

Haldan Keffer Hartline, Physiology or Medicine, 1967

George Wald, Physiology or Medicine, 1967

Robert S. Mulliken, Chemistry, 1966

Charles B. Huggins, Canada, Physiology or Medicine, 1966

Francis Peyton Rous, Physiology or Medicine, 1966

Robert B. Woodward, Chemistry, 1965

Richard P. Feynman, Physics, 1965

Julian Schwinger, Physics, 1965

Martin Luther King, Jr., Peace, 1964

Charles H. Townes, Physics, 1964

Konrad Bloch, Germany, Physiology or Medicine, 1964

Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Germany, Physics, 1963

Eugene Wigner, Hungary, Physics, 1963

John Steinbeck, Literature, 1962

Linus C. Pauling, Peace, 1962

James D. Watson, Physiology or Medicine, 1962

Melvin Calvin, Chemistry, 1961

Robert Hofstadter, Physics, 1961

Georg von Békésy, Hungary, Physiology or Medicine, 1961

Willard F. Libby, Chemistry, 1960

Donald A. Glaser, Physics, 1960

Owen Chamberlain, Physics, 1959

Emilio Segrè, Italy, Physics, 1959

Arthur Kornberg, Physiology or Medicine, 1959

Severo Ochoa, Spain, Physiology or Medicine, 1959

George Beadle, Physiology or Medicine, 1958

Joshua Lederberg, Physiology or Medicine, 1958

Edward Tatum, Physiology or Medicine, 1958

William B. Shockley, Physics, 1956

John Bardeen, Physics, 1956

Walter H. Brattain, Physics, 1956

Dickinson W. Richards, Physiology or Medicine, 1956

André F. Cournand, France, Physiology or Medicine, 1956

Vincent du Vigneaud, Chemistry, 1955

Willis E. Lamb, Physics, 1955

Polykarp Kusch, Germany, Physics, 1955

Linus C. Pauling, Chemistry, 1954

Ernest Hemingway, Literature, 1954

John F. Enders, Physiology or Medicine, 1954

Frederick C. Robbins, Physiology or Medicine, 1954

Thomas H. Weller, Physiology or Medicine, 1954

George C. Marshall, Peace, 1953

Fritz Lipmann, (then Germany, now Russia), Physiology or Medicine, 1953

E. M. Purcell, Physics, 1952

Felix Bloch, Switzerland, Physics, 1952

Selman A. Waksman, (then Russia, now Ukraine), Physiology or Medicine, 1952

Edwin M. McMillan, Chemistry, 1951

Glenn Theodore Seaborg, Chemistry, 1951

Ralph J. Bunche, Peace, 1950

Philip S. Hench, Physiology or Medicine, 1950

Edward C. Kendall, Physiology or Medicine, 1950

William Giauque, Canada, Chemistry, 1949

William Faulkner, Literature, 1949

T. S. Eliot*, Literature, 1948

American Friends Service Committee (The Quakers), Peace, 1947

Carl Cori, Austria, Physiology or Medicine, 1947

Gerty Cori, Austria, Physiology or Medicine, 1947

Wendell M. Stanley, Chemistry, 1946

James B. Sumner, Chemistry, 1946

John H. Northrop, Chemistry, 1946

Emily G. Balch, Peace, 1946

John R. Mott, Peace, 1946

Percy W. Bridgman, Physics, 1946

Hermann J. Muller, Physiology or Medicine, 1946

Cordell Hull, Peace, 1945

Isidor Isaac Rabi, Austria, Physics, 1944

Joseph Erlanger, Physiology or Medicine, 1944

Herbert S. Gasser, Physiology or Medicine, 1944

Otto Stern, Germany, Physics, 1943

Edward A. Doisy, Physiology or Medicine, 1943

Ernest Lawrence, Physics, 1939

Pearl S. Buck, Literature, 1938

Clinton Davisson, Physics, 1937

Eugene O'Neill, Literature, 1936

Carl Anderson, Physics, 1936

Harold C. Urey, Chemistry, 1934

George R. Minot, Physiology or Medicine, 1934

William P. Murphy, Physiology or Medicine, 1934

George H. Whipple, Physiology or Medicine, 1934

Thomas H. Morgan, Physiology or Medicine, 1933

Irving Langmuir, Chemistry, 1932

Jane Addams, Peace, 1931

Nicholas M. Butler, Peace, 1931

Sinclair Lewis, Literature, 1930

Frank B. Kellogg, Peace, 1929

Arthur H. Compton, Physics, 1927

Charles G. Dawes, Peace, 1925

Robert A. Millikan, Physics, 1923

Woodrow Wilson, Peace, 1919

Theodore W. Richards, Chemistry, 1914

Elihu Root, Peace, 1912

Albert A. Michelson, Germany, Physics, 1907

Theodore Roosevelt, Peace, 1906

Venezuela

Baruj Benacerraf*, Physiology or Medicine, 1980

Vietnam

Le Duc Tho, Peace, 1973 (declined)

 

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